ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL EVALUATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF NANOHYDROXYAPATITE INCORPORATED GREEN SYNTHESIZED NANOCOMPOSITE- AN IN-VITRO STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2026v19i1.57166Keywords:
Anti-inflammatory, Hydroxyapatite, Green chemistry, Nanocomposites, Nanoparticle.Abstract
Objective: This research intended to investigate the anti-inflammatory capabilities of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) based nanocomposites developed through green synthesis from citrus fruit peels.
Methods: The experimental design involved the green synthesis of nHAP-mediated chitosan-based nanocomposites from Citrus reticulata and Citrus limonum peel extract. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed using the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay and Egg albumin denaturation assays. The developed nanocomposite was also subjected to characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis.
Results: The successful generation of the nanocomposite based on nHAP was carried out. The generated nanocomposite exhibited anti-inflammatory behavior. The characterization using XRD and FTIR analysis also confirmed the presence of nHAP particles from the green precursors.
Conclusion: The C. reticulata and C. limonum peel extract mediated nHAP-based nanocomposite exhibited potential anti-inflammatory effects its suggested use in biomedical applications.
Downloads
References
1. Pahwa R, Goyal A, Jialal I. Chronic inflammation. Vol. LA1. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. Available from: https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/PMID [Last accessed on 2025 Oct 13].
2. Patrignani P, Tacconelli S, Bruno A, Sostres C, Lanas A. Managing the adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;4(5):605-21. doi: 10.1586/ecp.11.36, PMID 22114888
3. Yu S, Chen Z, Zeng X, Chen X, Gu Z. Advances in nanomedicine for cancer starvation therapy. Theranostics. 2019 Oct 17;9(26):8026-47. doi: 10.7150/thno.38261, PMID 31754379, PMCID PMC6857045
4. Li S, Xiaowen Y, Yang Y, Liu L, Sun Y, Liu Y, et al. Osteogenic and anti-inflammatory effect of the multifunctional bionic hydrogel scaffold loaded with aspirin and nano-hydroxyapatite. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 Jan 24;11:1105248. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1105248. Erratum in: Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 Mar 30;11:1179873. doi: 10.3389/ fbioe.2023.1179873, PMID 37064221, PMCID PMC9902883
5. Belal A, Mahmoud R, Mohamed EE, Farghali A, Abo El-Ela FI, Gamal A, et al. A novel hydroxyapatite/vitamin B12 nanoformula for treatment of bone damage: Preparation, characterization, and anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities in chemically induced arthritic rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(4):551. doi: 10.3390/ ph16040551, PMID 37111308
6. Lakshmi AS, Dhanraj MG, Rajeshkumar S. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effect of Citrus reticulata- and Citrus Limonum-incorporated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Plant Sci Today. 2025 Feb 5;12(1): ???. doi: 10.14719/pst.3697
7. Ain Q, Zeeshan M, Khan S, Ali H. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite as potential polymeric nanocarrier for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2019 Dec;107(12):2595-600. doi: 10.1002/ jbm.a.36765 [ePub]. PMID 31373751
8. Ajithan SL, Ganapathy D, Shanmugam R, Dathan PC. Role of nanoparticles and nanocomposites in bone regeneration. Trends Biomater Artif Organs. 2024;38(3):195-205. doi: 10.5281/ zenodo.14824410
9. Li P, Yang X, Yang Y, He H, Chou CK, Chen F, et al. Synergistic effect of all-trans-retinal and triptolide encapsulated in an inflammation-targeted nanoparticle on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Control Release. 2020;319:87-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.025, PMID 31862360
10. Luo LJ, Jian HJ, Harroun SG, Lai JY, Unnikrishnan B, Huang CC. Targeting nanocomposites with anti-oxidative/inflammatory/angiogenic activities for synergistically alleviating macular degeneration. Appl Mater Today. 2021;24:101156. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101156
11. Nabipour Z, Nourbakhsh MS, Baniasadi M. Evaluation of ibuprofen release from gelatin/hydroxyapatite/polylactic acid nanocomposites. Iran J Pharm Sci. 2018 Jan 15;14(1):75-84. doi: 10.22037/ijps. v14.40674
12. Huston M, DeBella M, DiBella M, Gupta A. Green synthesis of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Aug 21;11(8):2130. doi: 10.3390/nano11082130, PMID 34443960, PMCID PMC8400177
13. Patil YY, Sutar VB, Tiwari AP. Green synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles using medicinal plant Tridax procumbens leaf extracts and its application as an antimicrobial agent against E. coli. Int J Appl Pharm. 2020;12(4):34-9. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s4.40102
14. Spandana K, Shettar AK, Rashmi S. Characterization and evaluation of silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Premna intigrifolia L. as a potential anticancer agent. Int J Appl Pharm. 2024;16(3):102-8. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2024v16i3.50260
15. Denaro M, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of citrus flavanones mix and its stability after in vitro simulated digestion. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Jan 20;10(2):140. doi: 10.3390/antiox10020140, PMID 33498195, PMCID PMC7908975
16. Shi YS, Zhang Y, Li HT, Wu CH, El-Seedi HR, Ye WK, et al. Limonoids from Citrus: Chemistry, anti-tumor potential, and other bioactivities. J Funct Foods. 2020;75:104213. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104213
17. Mohapatra S, Leelavathi L, Rajeshkumar S, Sri Sakthi D, Jayashri P. Assessment of cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using clove and cinnamon formulation – an in-vitro study. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2020;9(25):1859-64. doi: 10.14260/jemds/2020/405
18. Ameena M, Arumugham IM, Ramalingam K, Rajeshkumar S. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of chitosan thiocolchicoside-lauric acid nanogel. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e46003. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46003, PMID 37900405
19. Li W, Bai L, Ming K, Zheng S. Plasticity dependence on amorphous continuity in Fe-SiOC dual-phase nanocomposites. J Mater Sci Technol. 2024;173:80-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.005
20. Tsuji T, Onuma K, Yamamoto A, Iijima M, Shiba K. Direct transformation from amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate facilitated by motif-programmed artificial proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 4;105(44):16866-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804277105. PMID 18957547, PMCID PMC2575226
21. Dathan P, Nallaswamy D, Rajeshkumar S, Joseph S, Shahin I, Tharani M. In vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant activity of pomegranate peel extract mediated calcium sulfate nanoparticles. Med J Malaysia. 2025;80 Suppl 1:44-51. PMID 39773942
22. Malleshappa P, Kumaran RC, Venkatarangaiah K, Parveen S. Peels of Citrus fruits: A potential source of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents. Pharmacogn J. 2018;10(6s):s172-8. doi: 10.5530/ pj.2018.6s.30
23. Noah NM, Ndangili PM. Green synthesis of nanomaterials from sustainable materials for biosensors and drug delivery. Sens Int. 2022;3:100166. doi: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100166
24. Keerthana B, Karthikeyan M. Anti-inflammatory activity of Vetiveria zizanoides-mediated silver nanoparticles. Cuest Fisioter. 2025;54(3):90-102. doi: 10.48047/tnzvrm50
25. Ganta SS, Jeevitha M, Preetha S, Rajeshkumar S. Anti-inflammatory activity of dried ginger mediated iron nanoparticles. J Pharm Res Int. 2020 Nov 9;32(28):14-9. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2830866
26. Shanmugam KS, Lakshmanan R, Jagadeesan R, Maghimaa M, Hemapriya N, Suresh S. Green synthesis of bimetallic Ag-ZnO nanocomposite using polyherbal extract for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. Chem Phys Impact. 2024;9:100763. doi: 10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100763
27. Mazaleuskaya LL, Muzykantov VR, FitzGerald GA. Nanotherapeutic-directed approaches to analgesia. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Jul;42(7):527-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.03.007. PMID 33883067, PMCID PMC8195851
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Lakshmi Ajithan S, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Rajeshkumar Shanmugham, Arya Nair R, Revathy C V

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.