Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
The Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and clinical research (AJPCR) welcomes high-quality science that seeks to elucidate the Pharmaceutical and clinical research. The mission of the AJPCR is to bring significant, enduring research to the scientific community in the field of Pharmaceutical sciences and clinical research. AJPCR believe in its responsibility to safeguard the research and publish by providing high-quality review process and maintaining firm standards on data presentation and deposition. AJPCR goal is to help scientists to disclose their findings in the most efficient and effective way possible by keeping review times short, The heart of AJPCR mission is the publication of original research in the form of Articles, which represent top content in the journal and are highlighted with additional coverage.
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ADVANCED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR SELECTIVE QUANTIFICATION OF NITROSAMINE IMPURITIES WITH PARTS PER BILLION LEVELS IN SACUBITRIL VALSARTAN TABLETS: ENHANCING DRUG SAFETY
Objectives: Nitrosamine impurities may be present at low levels in various products to which people are routinely exposed. Regulatory agencies have determined that nitrosamines can form in any drug substance or drug product in which secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines were present along with nitrosating agents. The objective of this current work is to develop a sensitive and robust method that outputs a trace-level quantification and simultaneous detection of the nitrosamine impurities (N-Nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA] and N-Nitrosodiethylamine [NDEA]) in the drug product of Sacubitril valsartan using a triple quadrupole liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system to ensure the patient safety and compliance with regulatory expectations. Methods: A liquid chromatograph system with a triple quadrapole mass spectrometry detector (Shimadzu LC-MS/MS). During the development of a method, the conditions for chromatographic separation with Shim-pack GST C8 Column (150 mm*4.6 mm, 3.0 μm) elution with formic acid and methanol as a mobile phase (separation achieved with gradient program with run time of 25 min) using gradient elution with formic acid and methanol as a mobile phase. Peak shape and area response optimized with diluent methanol and water in the ratio of 80:20 v/v with an injection volume of 50 μL. For ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode with Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) transition has been used for the quantification of NDMA and NDEA with a program run time of 25 min. The method utilizes a flow rate of 0.500 mL/min and at a column temperature of 35°C±0.5°C, sample temperature of 15°C±0.5°C. The resulting method was validated for specificity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), accuracy, and precision. Results: The method was specific as there is no interference was observed at the retention time of each analyte, and the results were well within the limits. The LOD and LOQ of Sacubitril and valsartan for NDMA and NDEA were reported with 7 parts per billion (ppb) and 21.2 ppb, and 1.9 ppb and 5.8 ppb levels, respectively. The Linearity curve was generated by plotting the area ratios against the drug concentration and reported the R2 values for NDMA, NDEA, is 0.997 and 0.999, respectively, and the method can quantify NDEA linear from 10 ppb to 120 ppb and NDMA linear from 20 ppb to 420 ppb. Recovery results (NDEA) reported for LOQ are 117.24%, 50% is 115.69%, 100% is 109.58, and 200% is 108.72, and recovery results (NDMA) reported for LOQ are 110.27%, 50% is 107.84%, 100% is 102.58, and 200% is 94.83 with % relative standard deviation <15.0%. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that the method is reliable for the detection and quantification of NDMA and NDEA nitrosamine impurities in Sacubitril valsartan tablets.
Copyright (c) 2025 PADMAKAR RAO GOGADA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEASURING COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF PRESCRIBING ERRORS
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices among community pharmacists regarding prescribing errors (PEs) in Jordan. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey-based study conducted in Jordan among community pharmacists over 8 weeks. A structured questionnaire was designed, validated, and sent to community pharmacists to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward PEs. Results: Of 752 participants approached, 398 were included in the data analysis. The mean scores of KAP were: 6.9, 8.1, and 8.5, respectively, all out of 10. Among participants included in this study, 126 (31.7%) showed good knowledge about PEs, 268 (67.3%) demonstrated a positive attitude toward PEs, and 291 (73.1%) showed good practice regarding PEs. Among the participants, 380 (95.5%) showed knowledge about contraindication errors, 369 (92.7%) exhibited knowledge about duplicate errors, and 371 (93.2%) were knowledgeable about wrong strength errors. Furthermore, 67 (16.8%) reported that prescribing a drug at a dose inappropriate for the patient’s renal function was considered an omission error. In addition, approximately one-third of the participants (34.2%) were unable to differentiate between wrong dose errors and wrong frequency errors. More than half of the participants agreed (55.5%) and strongly agreed (17.1%) that pharmacists had an important role to play in identifying and preventing PEs. Conclusion: Pharmacists who participated in this study had a moderate knowledge about PEs; however, their attitude and practice levels seemed positive and good, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shorouq Al-Omoush , Derar H. Abdel-Qader, Sahar Jaradat , Alia Saleh, Salim Hamadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HARNESSING THE NEUROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF PUERARIA TUBEROSA TUBER THROUGH OXIDATIVE STRESS MODULATION AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY
Objectives: The study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile, anticonvulsant activity, and antioxidant potential of ethanol, butanol, and aqueous Pueraria tuberosa tuber extracts. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using standard chemical tests. In male Swiss albino mice, anticonvulsant activity was assessed using two models: seizures caused by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock seizures (MES). Male Wistar rats were administered the extracts (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days to evaluate their antioxidant levels. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed in brain tissue homogenates. One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins in all extracts. In the MES model, the ethanol and butanol extracts significantly reduced extensor phase duration (6.54±1 s and 6.32±0.57 s, p<0.001, respectively) compared to the control, closely approaching the standard drug phenytoin (4.33±0.57 s, p<0.001). In the PTZ model, the butanol extract showed the highest anticonvulsant activity, with a delayed onset of clonus (138.33±0.57 s, p<0.001), prolonged clonus duration (304.23±1.52 s, p<0.001), and 83.3% protection. The ethanol and aqueous extracts provided 66.6% and 33.3% protection, respectively. According to antioxidant analysis, the butanol and ethanol extracts had substantial antioxidant effects, as evidenced by the considerable increases in catalase, SOD, and GSH levels and the decrease in MDA concentrations. Conclusion: The extracts of P. tuberosa, particularly the butanol and ethanol fractions, exhibited strong anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities, indicating their therapeutic potential in the management of seizures and oxidative stress-associated neurological disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Trupti Durgawale, Jyotiram Sawale, Pratik Durgawale, Suhas Padmane http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BETULIN-LOADED MICROEMULSION FOR ANTI-GOUT THERAPY
Objectives: The study aimed to formulate and evaluate a betulin-loaded microemulsion for enhanced topical anti-gout efficacy and skin retention, using diclofenac diethylamine emulgel 1% as the positive control. Methods: Betulin microemulsions were prepared using medium-chain triglyceride oil, Tween 80, and ethanol through the phase inversion method. Physicochemical characterization was performed through droplet size analysis, zeta potential, viscosity, pH, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to optimize composition. Ex vivo permeation and skin retention were assessed using porcine skin in Franz diffusion cells, followed by skin homogenization and extraction. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated in a monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced gouty arthritis model in mice, while skin irritation studies were conducted in guinea pigs. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s test. Results: The optimized microemulsion (10% oil, 20% surfactant, 10% co-surfactant, and 0.5% betulin) exhibited droplet size of 152±3.4 nm, polydispersity index of 0.218, and zeta potential of –28.5 mV. Ex vivo studies revealed cumulative permeation of 50.2±3.0 μg/cm2 at 24 h with 24.7±2.3% retention in the skin. In vivo, betulin microemulsion (1%) significantly reduced paw edema and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and improved weight-bearing distribution compared to the MSU group (***p<0.001), demonstrating efficacy comparable to diclofenac emulgel. No dermal irritation was observed in guinea pigs. Conclusion: Betulin microemulsion exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, high skin retention, and potent topical anti-inflammatory activity in gout, with excellent dermal safety. These findings support its potential as a safe and effective topical delivery system for the management of gouty arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 NAGARAJU BANDARU, Swati Bhaskarrao Surdkar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYNERGISTIC ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF CIPROFLOXACIN, CEFTAZIDIME, AND BACTERIOCIN COMBINATIONS AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI
Objectives: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an irritating health issue that has killed lots of people in recent years. The developing resistance of bacteria to new antibiotics, including misuse by patients, is a major issue for medication industries. Researchers are discovering alternatives to developing new antibiotics, such as generating combinations of antibiotics or biological mixtures to inhibit bacterial growth. The study aimed to determine the effect of the combination of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin [CIP] with ceftazidime [CAZ]) and each antibiotic CAZ/CIP with bacteriocin on the Escherichia coli. Methods: A total of 30 samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infections and burn injuries for this study. After determining all isolate species via the Vitek2 system, the minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined for CIP/CAZ and CIP/bacteriocin, CAZ/bacteriocin combination on 10 Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli. Moreover, the expression level of Gyrase A and Gyrase B genes from 10 selected isolates of E. coli was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The antibacterial activity showed a highly significant difference in isolates treated with CIP/CAZ and CIP/bacteriocin, CAZ/bacteriocin combination compared to those treated with each antibiotic alone (p≤0.05). The gene expression for Gyrase A and Gyrase B revealed a significant reduction when using CIP/CAZ and bacteriocin with each antibiotic compared to control isolates (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The combination of CIP/CAZ and bacteriocin with CIP and CAZ exposed a significant effect against MDR isolates; initial new approaches in combating MDR E. coli, particularly when combined with highly effective biological agents such as peptides or adjuvant.
Copyright (c) 2025 nadhim mshtaq, Riyam hamza obaid, Maha Diekan Abbas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINED-RELEASE VILDAGLIPTIN NANOPARTICLES FOR ENHANCED TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS THERAPY
Objectives: This study aimed to develop sustained-release vildagliptin (VLG) nanoparticles using ionotropic gelation to enhance therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The goal was to optimize formulation parameters to improve drug delivery, prolong therapeutic action, and reduce dosing frequency for better glycemic control. Methods: The nanoparticles were optimized using a Box-Behnken design, focusing on key variables chitosan and dextran sulfate concentrations, along with Tween 80 content. The impact of these factors was assessed on encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug release (DR), and particle characteristics. Further characterization included Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses to confirm drug-polymer compatibility and crystallinity changes. Comparative release studies were conducted between free VLG and nanoparticle formulation, while statistical evaluation was performed using a central composite design. Results: The optimized nanoparticles exhibited a spherical morphology with an average size of 268.18±7.5 nm and a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index=0.427±0.21). FTIR confirmed drug-polymer compatibility, while XRD revealed a shift in VLG from a crystalline to an amorphous state upon encapsulation. The EE ranged from 58.25±1.2% to 84.01±1.8%, demonstrating effective drug loading. DR studies showed that free VLG was completely released within 1 h, whereas the nanoparticle formulation extended release over 24 h, confirming sustained delivery. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the developed VLG nanoparticles can prolong therapeutic action, potentially reducing dosing frequency and improving glycemic control in T2DM. This study highlights the potential of nanotechnology-based delivery systems to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of antidiabetic drugs, offering a promising strategy for long-term diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Swapnil Gadekar, Dr.Ashok Vithal Bhosale http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LC-MS/MS-BASED METABOLOMIC CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE IPOMOEA MOMBASSANA VATKE STEM
Objectives: Ipomoea mombassana Vatke is a lesser-known species of the genus Ipomoea, with no prior reports on its phytochemical or pharmacological properties. This study investigated the phytochemical profile, enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity, and antidiabetic potential of its stem extracts. Methods: Stems were successively extracted with solvents of increasing polarity, and yields were determined. The ethanolic I. mombassana stem extract (IMSE) was selected for detailed evaluation. Phytochemical screening was performed, and in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays (100–500 μg/mL) were carried out. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was conducted using an Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC system with 6550 iFunnel Q-TOF in positive electrospray ionization mode. In vivo activity was assessed in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with IMSE (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 21 days, compared with normal, diabetic control (DC), and Metformin groups. Results: IMSE exhibited strong α-amylase (IC50=45.78±0.18 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition (42.26±0.97 μg/mL) compared to acarbose (34.4±0.56 and 32.95±0.45 μg/mL, respectively). LC-MS/MS identified 42 compounds, including pilocarpine, maritimetin, and ganoderic acid F. In vivo, IMSE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose from 344±1.6 mg/dL in DCs to 198±2.1 mg/dL at 200 mg/kg (p<0.001). It also improved lipid profiles by lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.01–0.001). Liver enzyme levels were normalized (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase: 71±1.6→52±1.1 U/L; serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase: 87±2.2→55±1.5 U/L; p<0.001). Antioxidant markers were restored, including superoxide dismutase (1.3±0.03→5.4±0.30 U/mL) and glutathione (0.32±0.056 → 1.7±0.069 mg/dL; p<0.001). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of I. mombassana demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition and hypoglycemic effects, accompanied by improvements in lipid metabolism, hepatic function, and antioxidant defense, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic for diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lakshmi Rajita Kotta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MECHANISM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF SINAPIC ACID INCORPORATED IRON OXIDE NANOFORMULATION AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS
Objective: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize sinapic acid-incorporated Fe₂O3 nanoparticles (NPs) and to evaluate their antimicrobial mechanism of action against key oral pathogens. Methods: Fe2O3 NPs were synthesized using cinnamon extract and subsequently functionalized with sinapic acid. The nanoformulation was characterized using ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm particle formation, surface functionalization, and morphology. Antimicrobial activity was assessed through agar well diffusion, time-kill curve, protein leakage, and cytoplasmic leakage assays against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Results: UV–visible spectra showed a characteristic absorption peak near 350 nm, confirming NP formation, while FTIR spectra indicated the presence of phenolic functional groups stabilizing the surface. TEM analysis revealed quasi-spherical NPs with an average size of ~20 nm. The nanoformulation displayed concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, with S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. showing inhibition zones >40 mm at 150 μg/mL. Time-kill assays demonstrated rapid reduction of microbial load, while leakage assays confirmed significant protein and cytoplasmic efflux, indicative of membrane disruption. Conclusion: Sinapic acid-incorporated Fe2O3 NPs exert antimicrobial activity through a dual mechanism involving membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Their nanoscale size, stability, and functionalization enhance efficacy compared to plain Fe2O3 NPs. These findings highlight their potential for applications in oral healthcare formulations and localized antimicrobial therapies, though further validation of ROS mechanisms and cytotoxicity is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kalaimathi Janakiraman, Revathi S, Suriya M, Deena Mol J, Karthika R, Suresh K, Rajeshkumar S http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IN-VITRO IN VITRO ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ETHYLACETATE FRACTION OF ASPIDOPTERYS INDICA: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING INTEGRATED BY HIGHRESOLUTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY AND IN SILICO APPROACH
Objective: Ethyl acetate fraction of the endemic drug Aspidopterys indica (EAAI) was screened for its in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory potential. High-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR-LCMS) was used to identify the biologically active metabolites. It was subjected to an in silico docking approach to recognize their molecular-level interactions with the ACE. Methods: Methanol extract was prepared using ultrasonic extraction and fractionated with ethyl acetate by vacuum liquid chromatography. ACE inhibition was tested in vitro by the Cushman-Chung method. Phytochemical profiling of the active fraction was analyzed by HR-LCMS. In addition, in silico molecular docking of identified compounds was performed by AutoDock Vina (PyRx 0.8) to assess the binding affinity to the ACE enzyme. Results: The ethyl acetate fractionated residue from the methanol extract of A. indica was tested for ACE inhibition; the IC50 of EAAI was 117.59 μg/mL, and positive control captopril was 81.56 μg/mL. After comprehensive HR-LCMS analysis, a broad range of 26 remarkable metabolites were identified, including four terpenoids, three flavonoids, three glycosides, two alkaloids, two long-chain amino alcohols, three phenolic acids, one phenolic compound, and two proteins. A glycoside (beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin-8.6 kcal), and a flavonoid maritimetin had (−7.8 kcal) demonstrated high binding affinities for 1O86 in a docking study. The findings revealed that EAAI manifested significant ACE inhibition, though less potent than captopril. In silico studies revealed that beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin had a binding affinity notably similar to captopril. Conclusion: The ACE inhibition of phytochemicals offers its usage in antihypertensive medications. The present study highlights the substantial potential of A. indica as an ACE inhibitor; it can provide further insights into the research of bioactive components that may align with antihypertensive action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Udaya Chandrika P http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULATION OPTIMIZATION OF FENUGREEK EXTRACT LOADED NANO-STRUCTURED LIPID-DRUG-CARRIER FOR EFFECTIVE ORAL DELIVERY
Objectives: The present work focused on designing, optimizing, and evaluating solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the oral delivery of fenugreek extract (FE) to achieve enhanced systemic bioavailability, higher gastrointestinal absorption, and sustained release kinetics. Methods: A Box-Behnken statistical design was implemented to optimize FE-SLNs formulation by systematically varying lipid (compritol 888 ATO), surfactant (polyvinyl alcohol), and homogenization speed as processing parameter. Critical quality attributes including mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge (zeta potential), encapsulation efficiency (%EE), and release behavior (% cumulative drug release [CDR]) were analyzed. The final formulation was further characterized by advanced analytical techniques (transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter) and evaluated for ex vivo intestinal permeation. Results: The optimized FE-SLNs demonstrated favorable characteristics, average diameter (460 nm), uniform distribution (PDI 0.233), surface charge (−14.1 mV), and %EE (47.56%). In vitro studies showed %CDR (79.66% over 12 h). Permeation assessments revealed significantly enhanced absorption compared to FE solution, with permeability coefficients increasing from 2.9×10−3 cm/h (FE solution) to 6.3×10−3 cm/h (developed formulation). Conclusion: The developed FE-SLNs system exhibited optimal physicochemical properties and enhanced absorption potential, demonstrating its successful formulation. The sustained release profile following Higuchi kinetics suggested that these nanoparticles could serve as an effective platform for oral administration of natural bioactives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aditi Agrawal, Prakash Kumar Soni, Reena Soni, Suresh Kumar Paswan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE RISK FACTORS, TOAST CLASSIFICATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER
Objectives: Stroke contributes to being the fourth and third highest major cause of mortalities in India and in the global scenario, respectively. The Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) system of classification is essential for determining the underlying cause, easier diagnosis, and improved treatment prognosis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This study was planned to classify the types of AIS and assess the treatment plans accordingly for overall improvement. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted for a time period of 6 months. A total of 100 patients were selected for the study. Data included demographic information, medical and family history, TOAST classification, and management. Results: The evaluation of 100 patients revealed that stroke prevalence is higher in males than females, with the predominant age group being 61–70 years. Significant association was found with hypertension, diabetes, alcoholism, and smoking. Furthermore, this study found that large artery atherosclerosis was the most common type of AIS among the patients. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of identifying and managing presumable risks through past medical history, classifying and treating the underlying cause and region of AIS for better prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pragathi Reddy Gunnam, PAVAN RAJ GOUD GUGGILLA, SAI SHARANYA MANDALA, DR. SHAILESH MOHAN BADOLE, MOHAMMED SALMAN AHMED http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TO FORMULATE AND STUDY THE RELEASE KINETICS OF RIVAROXABAN TABLETS USING CO-PROCESSED EXCIPIENTS
Objectives: The current study aimed at designing, developing, and characterizing orodispersible tablets of Rivaroxaban for treating the blood clots, minimizing the chances of stroke and systemic embolism. Methods: The tablets were prepared by the direct compression method using co-processed excipients (Prosolv® Oro dispersible tablets [ODT] G2, Ludiflash®, Pearlitol). A co-processed excipient is a particle engineering technique where multiple excipients merge at a sub-particle level with the objective to attain functionality improvement as well as masking of the undesirable properties. Results: Various parameters such as thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, dispersion time, wetting time, disintegration time, content uniformity, and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed no drug-excipient interactions. The presence of sharp peaks in the X-ray diffraction patterns of Rivaroxaban confirms its crystalline nature. Differential Scanning Calorimetry Thermogram of the physical mixture corresponds to the melting point of Rivaroxaban and β-cyclodextrin, suggesting no physical and chemical interaction between the active and the complexing agent. Among all the formulations, FM2 showed the most promising results in terms of disintegration time of 72 Seconds and in vitro drug release of 97 Percent (%) within 20 minutes. Conclusion: The study concludes that the orodispersible tablets of Rivaroxaban complexed with β-cyclodextrin can potentially enhance drug bioavailability and achieve rapid drug intervention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Swati Keny http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE NEPHROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS) AGAINST CISPLATIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS
Objective: Plants incorporated in the daily diet are known for their role in disease prevention owing to their diverse biological and pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to investigate the nephroprotective potential of hydro-alcoholic pod extract of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: The chemical constituents of Okra extract were identified through preliminary phytochemical screening and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) spectral analysis. A total of 80 compounds were detected, including phytoconstituents with notable antioxidant properties such as alpha-linolenic acid, quercetin, myricitrin, quercetin-3-glucoside-7-xyloside, dioctyl hexanedioate, and protobassic acid. Nephroprotective activity was evaluated in albino Wistar rats at two dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.). Nephrotoxicity was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (6 mg/kg b.w.). The protective effects were assessed by estimating urinary total protein, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine (SC), blood urea nitrogen, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status. Results: Nephrotoxicity arose in the group II rats due to cisplatin injections; according to this, SC and urea levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared with the normal control group (I). Animals that received the hydroalcoholic extract of pods of Okra alone (group-V) exhibited no change in serum and urinary functional parameters. Animals that received the hydroalcoholic extract of pods of Okra alone (group-V) exhibited no change in serum and urinary functional parameters. Hence, the hydroalcoholic extract of pods of Okra did not show any nephrotoxic effects. Administration of hydroalcoholic extract of pods of Okra at 200 mg/kg to cisplatin-injected rats improved of blood urea and SC activity in treatment group III animals, when compared to cisplatin-induced group animals (group-II). It was practically near the normal values related with the normal group animals. On administration of hydroalcoholic extract of pods of Okra in treatment groups III and IV animals, a momentous dose-related reduction in the levels of blood parameters was detected when compared to the negative group-II animals. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Okra hydro-alcoholic extract possesses strong nephroprotective activity, likely attributable to its antioxidant phytoconstituents. Hence, Okra may serve as a promising dietary intervention for mitigating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 swarupa Rani Gavini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF TELMISARTAN AND CILNIDIPINE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL: A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY
Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate and compare telmisartan with cilnidipine’s cost-efficiency, safety, and effectiveness in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: From January 2017 to June 2018, a non-randomized, open-labeled, comparative study was carried out in the SRM Medical College Hospital’s Department of Cardiology. A total of 126 individuals with electrocardiogram-confirmed CAD and hypertension were divided into two groups, each consisting of 63 participants: Telmisartan (40 mg) and cilnidipine (10 mg). Blood pressure, renal function, electrolytes, adverse effects, and costs were measured at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Results: At both 12 and 24 weeks, telmisartan reduced systolic blood pressure more than the other medication (mean difference at 24 weeks: 5.6 mmHg; p<0.000). Both drugs showed comparable diastolic blood pressure reductions. Although cilnidipine caused a significant drop in serum creatinine (p=0.001), renal parameters stayed constant. Telmisartan was better tolerated than cilnidipine, which had more side effects. The cost-effectiveness of cilnidipine was significantly higher (mean cost difference: Indian rupee 96.8; p<0.000). Conclusion: Both drugs are effective antihypertensives for people with CAD. While cilnidipine is more affordable, telmisartan provides better blood pressure control and renal safety with acceptable tolerability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Althab Begum Mohamed, Satyajit Mohapatra, Muthulakshmi R, Jerin James, Janani L http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM–MASS SPECTROMETRY BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING FAVIPIRAVIR IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSE FORMS, BOTH IN BULK AND IN COMBINATION
Objectives: The aim is to develop a simple, straightforward, quick, and accurate LCMS/MS bioanalytical technique for estimating favipiravir in pharmaceutical dose forms, both in bulk and in combination. Methods: Phenyl column using an isocratic separation with a 40:60 buffer and acetonitrile combination as the mobile phase and a buffer containing 1 mL of formic acid in 1 L of water. Results: An excellent linear range of 2 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL (r2=0.9997) was analyzed in the 10-min analysis. Favipiravir shows an LOD of 1 ng/ml (s/n = 4) and an LOQ of 10 ng/ml (s/n = 24). Accuracy, linearity, specificity, precision, system suitability, stability, and recoveries study results are all within the limits. Conclusion: In accordance with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration criteria, the proposed method was concluded to be suitable for regular evaluation and used for determining the amount of a specific drug component in tablet dosage form. The medicine remained stable during the stability experiments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran Kumar Ganta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF BIOACTIVE-LOADED POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLE – QUALITY BY DESIGN (QBD) STRATEGY EMPLOYING CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN
Objective: This study aimed to apply a quality by design (QbD) framework, utilizing central composite design (CCD), to systematically develop and optimize resveratrol-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. The overarching goal was to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of resveratrol, thereby improving its anti-depressant activity. Methods: Resveratrol nanoparticles were formulated using the solvent evaporation technique, incorporating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the biodegradable polymer and Poloxamer 188 as the stabilizing surfactant. High-shear homogenization was employed to ensure uniform particle formation. The nanoparticles were subsequently freeze-dried and characterized for key physicochemical parameters, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), and in vitro drug release profile. Results: The CCD trial formulations containing PLGA and Poloxamer 188 at 60–80 mg and 2–3% concentration, respectively, exhibited particle sizes ranging from 236 to 461 nm with narrow size distribution (PDI: 0.15–0.22), and ZP values between −25 and −30 mV, indicating stable colloidal systems. EE varied from 60% to 90%, depending on the formulation variables. In vitro release studies demonstrated a prolonged drug release pattern, with approximately 97% of resveratrol released over a 48-h period. Based on the outcome of the optimization tool, PLGA and Poloxamer 188 were selected at a concentration of 63.56 mg and 2.20%, respectively, and the average particle size at 295.3±8.96 nm, PDI (0.19±0.01), EE (80.33±1.53), zetapotential (−27.00±1.00), and cumulative drug release was 99.33±1.15% for 48 h. Conclusion: The QbD-driven development approach enabled the successful formulation of resveratrol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with enhanced physicochemical and release properties. This nanoformulation offers a promising strategy for improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol, supporting its potential application in clinical settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 mohammad gulshan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM THE PLANT GLYCOSMIS PENTAPHYLLA RETZ. USING VARIOUS SOLVENTS
Objective: The main motive behind this work is to study the individual phyto compounds present in Glycosmis pentaphylla Retz. commonly known as Orange berry through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The plant contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and coumarins. However, there was a lack of proper information regarding the chemistry of these phytocompounds specifically. Methods: The above objective was achieved through GC-MS method, both the ethanolic and hexane extract were prepared by maceration method. Then subjected to GC-MS analysis where the extract passed through fused silica column. Using the chromatogram the score, reverse match score and probability percentage were matched based on NIST and WILLEY library databases. Results: The compounds in the ethanolic extract being Octadecyl 2-pentanyl sulfite, 4-amino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pentan-1-one, Neophytadiene, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Ethyl hexadecanoate, Phytol, 11-Dodecyn-1-ol acetate, Acetyleugenol, and in the hexane extract were 1- nitro- 2-propanol, Butyraldehyde semicarbazone, 4- hydrazino-5-hydroxyimino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran, 3-cyclohexene-1-ethanol, 9-cyclohptadecen- 1-one, N-methyl-2-nitropyridin-3-amine, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4,7,8-trimethoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]quinoline, 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride, dihydromyrcene, and octadeca-9,12-dien-1-ol. These were noted along with their structure, molecular weight, chemical nature, etc., and displayed in the table. Furthermore, the theoretical action of the compounds was studied. Herewith, the presence of many potential compounds in the plant-G. pentaphylla was revealed. Conclusion: From the observations, it is obvious that ethanolic extract has more compounds than the hexane extract of the plant G. pentaphylla Retz. having medicinal value. It supports the activity-based studies in near future. After thorough analysis, these plant derived medicaments were found to have promising therapeutic potential as reported in various databases. Hence it can lead to the discovery of newer phytocompounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 VYSHNAVY DEVY D K, S. RUBY, M. Kumar, Vijayakumar B, Sajith Kumar P N http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLYPHENOLIC PROFILING BY LC–ESI–MS/MS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT OF LATHYRUS OCHRUS EXTRACTS
Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the polyphenolic composition and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Lathyrus ochrus extracts obtained using solvents of varying polarity. Methods: Aerial parts of L. ochrus were extracted successively with cyclohexane, chloroform, and ethanol. Due to its poor solubility, the cyclohexane extract was excluded from biological assays. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were quantified spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, with butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and ascorbic acid as reference antioxidants. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) was performed for chemical profiling. Antibacterial activity of chloroform and ethanol extracts was evaluated against four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus) using the disk diffusion method. Results: The ethanolic extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (41.9±0.2 μg GAE/mg), flavonoid (22.48±0.03 μg QE/mg), and tannin (15.33±0.03 μg CE/mg) contents. It showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50=0.08 mg/mL; FRAP EC50=0.14±0.02 mg/mL; and β-carotene bleaching inhibition=57.4%), comparable to reference standards. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed rutin, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid as the major compounds. The chloroform extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than the ethanolic one, particularly against S. aureus (18.0 mm inhibition) and B. cereus (17.5 mm). Conclusion: Solvent polarity significantly influenced the extraction of bioactive compounds. L. ochrus ethanolic extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants, while the chloroform extract may serve as a potential antibacterial agent. Further studies are warranted to isolate and characterize the active constituents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meriem Aissaoui http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES FOR ANTI-ALZHEIMER POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS AND LANTANA CAMARA
Objectives: Oxidative stress significantly contributes to the advancement of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and antioxidants (AOX) derived from plants are increasingly recognized for their neuroprotective properties. This research examines the in vitro AOX properties and anti-Alzheimer potential of ethanolic extracts of Alternanthera sessilis (EEAS) and methanolic extract of Lantana camara (MELC) through phytochemical screening, AOX assays, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, molecular docking (MD), and ADME prediction. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening identified the existence of flavonoids, phenolics, Alkaloids, sterols, and glycosides. The evaluation of AOX activity was led through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and metal chelating assays. GC-MS analysis revealed significant bioactive compounds in both extracts. The phytoconstituents were docked to AD-related targets (Aβ and AChE) to evaluate their binding affinities. ADME properties were assessed utilizing SwissADME. Results: Indicate that both EEAS and MELC demonstrated considerable AOX activity, with MELC presenting lower IC50 values in the DPPH (204.3 μg/mL) and ABTS (327.47 μg/mL) assays relative to EEAS. GC-MS profiling identified compounds with established pharmacological significance. MD revealed multiple compounds exhibiting high binding affinity for AD targets. ADME analysis demonstrated adherence to drug-likeness criteria, indicating potential for oral bioavailability. Conclusion: The research indicates that A. sessilis and L. camara exhibit significant AOX and anti-Alzheimer effects. Phytoconstituents may provide a basis for the advancement of neuroprotective agents. Future in vivo validation is necessary to verify their therapeutic potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Ali2, Sarvaraidu Ch http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMBINED EFFECT OF ULVA RETICULATA AND GRACILARIA EDULIS ON CELL VIABILITY, LIPID ACCUMULATION, AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN 3T3-L1 AND RAW 264.7 CELLS
Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the cytoprotective, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, glucose uptake-enhancing, and anti-inflammatory activities of Ulva reticulata (UR), Gracilaria edulis (GE), and their combination (CA). Marine algae are abundant sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential for metabolic and inflammatory disorders. This study reveals the role of marine extracts UR, GE, and their CA in diabetes and its associated inflammatory conditions. Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages were used to analyze the activity of the extracts based on their role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation. The cell lines were exposed to UR, GE, and CA extracts prepared in ethanol: water (7:3, v/v). Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Reactive oxygen species levels were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lipid accumulation was analyzed through lipid droplet staining. Glucose uptake was quantified using 2-NBDG assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Results: UR showed the highest bio-compatibility and mild proliferative effects, whereas CA displayed the greatest cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Antioxidant activity was strongest in UR, followed by GE, while CA exhibited lower scavenging potential. Despite its cytotoxic profile, CA most significantly reduced lipid accumulation and exerted the most pronounced suppression of IL-6 expression, suggesting that its anti-inflammatory efficacy may be linked to mechanisms independent of cell viability. UR, on the other hand, enhanced glucose uptake more effectively than GE and CA. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extracts of UR and GE, individually and in CA, demonstrate distinct and complementary bio-activities that support their potential as natural agents for managing metabolic syndrome. These findings warrant further in vivo studies and mechanistic exploration.
Copyright (c) 2025 DEVI M http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PULMONARY FUNCTION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN OCCUPATIONAL HIGH-RISK WORK ENVIRONMENTS
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between pulmonary function and cognitive performance, assessed through pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), among workers in high-risk occupational environments. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2024 to January 2025 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, involving 180 male participants (aged 30–55 years) from five occupational groups (carpenters, construction workers, drivers, painters, and welders) and a control group (computer programmers). PFTs measured forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) pre- and post-shift. Cognitive function was assessed using the MoCA, evaluating visuospatial/executive function by the trail making test, naming, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s tests, and the Kruskal– Wallis test, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Significant post-shift declines in pulmonary parameters (FVC, FEV₁, PEF, and maximum voluntary ventilation) were observed across all occupational groups (p<0.001), with carpenters and construction workers showing the most pronounced reductions. MoCA scores revealed significant inter-group differences in visuospatial/executive function, language, attention, delayed recall, and orientation (p<0.01). Painters and drivers outperformed carpenters and construction workers in most cognitive domains. The control group exhibited superior pulmonary and cognitive performance. A significant inverse correlation was found between reduced pulmonary function and cognitive deficits, particularly in language and delayed recall. Conclusion: Occupational exposure in high-risk environments is associated with acute pulmonary function decline and specific cognitive impairments, suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Routine integration of cognitive and pulmonary assessments in occupational health surveillance is recommended to detect early functional decline and inform intervention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 ashok vardhan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETERMINING SHORT-TERM ORAL ANTIBIOTICS NON-ADHERENCE AND EXPLORING ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ORANG ASLI POPULATIONS AT KAMPUNG SUNGAI TONGGANG, IPOH, PERAK, MALAYSIA
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of non-adherence to short-term oral antibiotics among the Orang Asli community in Kampung Sungai Tonggang, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. Additionally, it explored the factors contributing to non-adherence and assessed the community’s knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Orang Asli individuals prescribed short-term oral antibiotics. Data were collected through structured interviews, and adherence levels were assessed. Factors associated with non-adherence were analyzed using simple logistic regression. Knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotics were evaluated using a scoring system, with comparisons made based on demographic variables. Results: The findings revealed that 71.2% of respondents were non-adherent to their antibiotic regimen. Age and gender were significant factors influencing adherence, with male respondents being less likely to adhere (OR: 0.117, 95% CI: 0.02–0.60, p = 0.010). Knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use varied, with 50% of respondents demonstrating good knowledge (K-score ≥13). Literacy status and occupation significantly influenced knowledge levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Non-adherence to short-term oral antibiotics is prevalent among the Orang Asli community, with demographic and knowledge-related factors playing a role. Targeted educational interventions and culturally appropriate strategies are needed to improve adherence and ensure effective antibiotic use in this population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Darren Kar Wing Lai, Yen Ping Ng, Jin Yi Choo, Shu Ying Looi, Jing Ng, Boon Seng Tan, Cheng Hoon Yap, Kwok Wen Ng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF NOVEL HERBAL TOPICAL ANESTHETIC GEL AND 2% LIGNOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE GEL DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN CHILDREN: AN IN VIVO STUDY
Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of a novel herbal topical anesthetic gel compared to conventional 2% lignocaine hydrochloride gel during local anesthesia administration in children. Methods: A randomized controlled trial with 42 children aged 5–14 years was conducted. Participants were divided into two groups (n=21 each): Group A received 2% lignocaine gel, and Group B received herbal gel. Pain response was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), sound eye motor (SEM) scale, and hedonic 9-point scale. An independent t-test was used for intergroup comparison. Results: The mean VAS scores were 5.67±1.32 for lignocaine and 5.19±0.87 for herbal gel (p=0.175). SEM scores were 3.19±0.75 for lignocaine and 2.95±0.86 for herbal gel (p=0.346), indicating no statistically significant differences in pain perception. However, the hedonic 9-point scale showed significantly higher taste acceptability for the herbal gel (5.86±1.15) compared to lignocaine (3.52±0.98), with a p<0.001. Conclusion: While both gels demonstrated similar efficacy in pain control, the herbal gel was significantly more palatable, suggesting it may be a more child-friendly alternative in pediatric dentistry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ishani Rahate, Punit Fulzele, Nilima Thosar, Anjori Raut, Rijuta Gujar, Shepali Hule http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF BIOSURFACTANTS AND THEIR BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Objective: The present work was undertaken to isolate an efficient biosurfactant-producing bacterium, optimize its production under different environmental and nutritional conditions, and characterize the structural and functional properties of the biosurfactant for prospective industrial use. Methods: Environmental samples from soil and wastewater were subjected to preliminary screening through hemolytic activity, oil displacement, and emulsification index (E24) assays. The most promising isolate was identified by morphological and biochemical tests, followed by molecular confirmation using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Production parameters were optimized by varying carbon and nitrogen sources, culture pH, temperature, and incubation period. Crude biosurfactant was recovered through acid precipitation and solvent extraction. Its functional attributes were examined through surface tension reduction, critical micelle concentration (CMC) determination, emulsification potential, and stability across pH, temperature, and salinity gradients. Structural features were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Results: The identified Bacillus subtilis strain effectively reduced surface tension from 72.0 to 28.6 mN/m and exhibited a high emulsification index (75.4±1.2% with kerosene). Optimal production occurred with glucose (2% w/v) and ammonium nitrate (0.5% w/v) at pH 7 and 30°C after 72 h, yielding 4.85±0.15 g/L of crude biosurfactant. The CMC was estimated at 35 mg/L. The compound retained stability between pH 4–10, at temperatures up to 100°C, and in salinity up to 10% NaCl. FTIR and GC–MS confirmed a glycolipid nature, composed mainly of long-chain fatty acids and sugar moieties. Conclusion: The biosurfactant derived from B. subtilis displayed strong surface-active properties, appreciable yield, and robustness under diverse physicochemical conditions. These features underline its promise for applications in petroleum recovery, bioremediation, effluent treatment, and biopharmaceutical formulations, underscoring its potential as a safe and sustainable alternative to synthetic surfactants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harish Thummala, Priyanka K, Suresh Babu Sayana, Ramesh Kandimalla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POSTNATAL FOLLOW-UP AND OUTCOME OF INFANTS DIAGNOSED WITH ANTENATALLY DETECTED HYDRONEPHROSIS: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the postnatal outcomes of neonates with antenatally detected hydronephrosis (ANH), to determine the prevalence of associated urinary tract anomalies such as pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and posterior urethral valves (PUV), and to assess the requirement for surgical versus conservative management Methods: This prospective observational study included 60 neonates diagnosed with ANH based on antenatal ultrasound criteria (anteroposterior renal pelvic diameter >4 mm in the second trimester or >7 mm in the third). Postnatal evaluations included serial ultrasonography and, in selected cases, micturating cystourethrogram. Hydronephrosis was graded using the Society for Fetal Urology system. Primary outcomes included resolution rates, incidence of urinary tract anomalies, surgical intervention rates, and urinary tract infection occurrence. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 60 infants, 68.3% were male, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.2:1. Hydronephrosis was unilateral in 54 cases (90.0%) and most commonly left-sided. On initial postnatal ultrasound, 63.3% had mild, 25.0% moderate, and 11.7% severe hydronephrosis. Till the time of final follow-up, 44 (73.3%) cases resolved spontaneously without intervention. Specific pathologies identified were PUJO (11.7%), VUR (13.3%), and PUV (3.3%). Surgical intervention was required in 13.3% of infants. The reduction in hydronephrosis severity from antenatal to postnatal imaging was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Most cases of ANH resolve without any interventions. Serial postnatal follow-up using ultrasonography is important for identifying infants at risk for the presence of clinically significant anomalies such as PUJ obstruction, VUR, and PUV. Regular follow-up facilitates timely intervention while avoiding unnecessary procedures in low-risk cases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Akash Yadav, Dr. Sindhu N, Dr. Gautam Muthu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR DOCKING, ADMET, SYNTHESIS, AND PRELIMINARY PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NEW ETODOLAC DERIVATIVES CONTAINING PYRAZOLINE MOIETY
Objective: The main objectives were to use molecular docking to create compounds with antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory properties that are still effective. For future application, these compounds must also have acceptable absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and possible toxicity (ADMET) characteristics. Methods: Ligand Designer using Glide (Schrodinger LLC) molecular docking studies. A new etodolac derivative containing a pyrazoline ring was synthesized and characterized using ATR-FTIR and 1H-NMR. Furthermore, their pharmacological activities were investigated. In order to determine the derivatives’ pharmacological characteristics, we used a rat model for anti-inflammatory activity called rat egg white-induced paw edema. The agar-well diffusion method was used to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the test substances against a variety of microorganisms. Results: The newly synthesized compounds HF7 and HF9, as shown in the molecular docking study findings with the cyclooxygenase-2 protein (PDB code: 4m11), exhibit binding energies of −9.247 and −8.716, respectively, which are greater than the reference docking result. During docking analysis using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYP51 receptor (PDB code: 4wmz), all synthesized compounds demonstrated higher docking scores compared to fluconazole, which served as the reference standard. The rat paw edema technique showed considerable action of HF6 and HF8 have a stronger impact compared to the standard impact. According to antimicrobial research results, HF8’s (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes is 64 mcg/mL, whereas derivatives HF7 and HF11 also demonstrated MIC of 64 mcg/mL against S. aureus. Conclusion: The effective synthesis of a new class of pyrazoline compounds was achieved. Most of the recently identified pyrazoline compounds were more effective against the microorganisms under investigation, with compounds HF7, HF8, and HF11 showing the greatest effectiveness in comparison to the standards used (fluconazole and amoxicillin).
Copyright (c) 2025 HASSAN F. ABED, TAGREED N-A OMAR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY THE EFFECT OF SERUM CHEMERIN IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) arises from oxidative stress, inflammation, and pro-angiogenic signaling. Chemerin, a pleiotropic adipokine, links adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory pathways. This study aimed to quantify serum chemerin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without DR. Methods: This was comparative cross-sectional study. Adults were grouped as healthy controls (n=110), T2DM without DR (n=110), and T2DM with DR (n=110). Serum chemerin was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Group differences were assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s HSD post hoc when assumptions were met or Games-Howell when variances were unequal. Within-DR staging (non-proliferative DR [NPDR] vs. proliferative DR [PDR]) used independent-samples tests. Results: Chemerin differed significantly across groups (one-way ANOVA, p<0.01) and was higher in T2DM with DR than in T2DM without DR and controls. Mean±standard deviation chemerin concentrations were as follows: Controls 150.04±21.06 ng/mL; T2DM without DR 246.77±123.82 ng/ mL; T2DM with DR 259.33±133.32 ng/mL. Pairwise Tukey’s HSD comparisons were significant (all p<0.05). Within the DR cohort, serum chemerin was higher in PDR than NPDR (independent-samples t-test, p<0.05). Conclusion: Elevated chemerin in DR supports adipokine-driven inflammation and angiogenesis in DR progression. Chemerin may aid risk stratification alongside glycemic and lipid indices, reinforcing the importance of early T2DM control and DR screening.
Copyright (c) 2025 KALYANI CHAKKARAI, SANTHINI GOPALAKRISHNAN, THIVYAH PRABHA, DIVYA PALAKSHA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF FERULA ASAFOETIDA EXTRACTS
Objectives: Ferula asafoetida (“hing”) contains diverse secondary metabolites, yet the phytochemistry and antioxidant capacity of its 70% ethanolic oleo-gum-resin extract are not well described. This study profiled that extract and quantified antioxidant activity. Methods: Oleo-gum-resin was Soxhlet-extracted with 70% ethanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening used standard colorimetric/precipitation tests (e.g., FeCl3 for tannins, Dragendorff’s for alkaloids, NaOH/HCl for flavonoids, foam test for saponins, Benedict’s for carbohydrates). Total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin-Ciocalteu) and total flavonoid content (AlCl3 colorimetry) were expressed as μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg and μg quercetin equivalents (QAE)/mg. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS assays against gallic acid, with IC50 derived from concentration-response curves. Results: Yield was 8.0% w/w. The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, and carbohydrates; proteins and anthraquinones were absent. TPC was 29.45±6.60 μg GAE/mg and total flavonoid content was 35.96±4.69 μg QAE/mg. The extract showed dose-dependent scavenging with IC50 336.78±100.0 μg/mL (DPPH) and 221.30±4.73 μg/mL (ABTS), while gallic acid was ~4.3 μg/mL. Conclusion: The 70% ethanolic oleo-gum-resin extract of F. asafoetida is rich in secondary metabolites and exhibits measurable antioxidant activity, with comparatively stronger performance in ABTS than DPPH. These findings provide a practical baseline for quality control of this extract.
Copyright (c) 2025 THULLURI SRAVANI PRIYA, KARTHICK SELVARAJ, DIVYA PRAFULLA YERRAGUNTLA, SRAVANA KUMAR S http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND DERMATOLOGICAL CORRELATES IN ENCEPHALOPATHY: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Objectives: We hypothesized that specific, region-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns and dermatological manifestations are strongly associated with distinct encephalopathy subtypes and can predict clinical outcomes in patients presenting with altered mental status. Methods: This prospective observational study included 100 adult patients who had presented with clinical features of encephalopathy at a tertiary care hospital over a period of 24 months (January 2020 to December 2021). Detailed clinical, laboratory, and dermatological evaluations were conducted. All participants underwent standardized MRI brain scans. Encephalopathy subtypes were classified based on clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings. Statistical analysis assessed the association of imaging and skin findings with clinical outcomes, including mortality. Results: MRI abnormalities were observed in 80% of patients, with region-specific patterns across encephalopathy types. Parieto-occipital hyperintensities predominated in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), while basal ganglia involvement was prominent in hepatic encephalopathy. Cutaneous manifestations were common in autoimmune (100%) and hepatic (84.6%) encephalopathies, providing diagnostic clues. Overall mortality was 24%, with the highest rates in septic and hemorrhagic encephalopathy (62% each), and no deaths in PRES or metabolic encephalopathies. Dermatological findings and MRI patterns correlated with diagnosis and prognosis, supporting a multimodal assessment approach. Conclusion: MRI-based region-specific patterns and systematic dermatological examination offer a comprehensive and practical approach to diagnosing and prognosticating encephalopathy. This integrated model enhances early identification of reversible conditions and helps guide therapeutic strategies. The findings support incorporating dermatological evaluation into routine encephalopathy assessments and encourage further multicenter validation of this multidisciplinary diagnostic framework.
Copyright (c) 2025 UMANG KANTILAL PRAJAPATI Umang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVOLUTIONIZING HEALTHCARE: A REVIEW OF 3D PRINTING IN DENTISTRY AND DRUG DELIVERY
Three-dimensional (3D) printing will revolutionize healthcare by allowing personalized, efficient, and decentralized healthcare solutions. This assessment synthesizes current knowledge on the objectives, support, and limitations of 3D printing in dentistry and medicine distribution. 3D printing makes it easier to manufacture surgical instruments, diagnostic models, crowns, bridges, and bioprinted soft tissues in dentistry. It enables personalized, on demand formulations, such as oral polypills and microneedle array, together with a tunable release profile for drug delivery. Although promising, the field still faces several challenges, including technical obstacles, limited mechanical longevity of dental polymers, scalability issues in bioprinting, insufficient safety data, and the lack of uniform standards. Critics of research on how emerging technologies, such as Al and green components, can overcome existing obstacles, focusing on proposing realistic plans for future integration of 3D printing into global healthcare systems. Examples, such as the high success rates for 3D dental implant production and the Food and Drug Administration-approved 3D-printed drug Spritam, demonstrate the potential of 3D printing. The review also highlights the techn
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhilasha Waghadkar, Dr Vidya Lohe, Dr Suwarna Dangore, Manisha Waghadkar, Mujibullah sheikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNVEILING STRATEGIES FOR SHORTENING TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT: TARGETING MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS STRINGENT RESPONSE AND REVIEWING POLYPHOSPHATE KINASE 2 (PPK2) ENZYMES
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest infectious diseases known to humankind, with traces of its presence found in remains that are around 17,000 years old. TB is mostly caused by the tiny aerobic non-motile bacillus Mycobacterium TB (MTB). The unique shape and chemical content of the mycobacterial cell wall make an efficient TB therapy method challenging. A strict bacterial survival strategy for establishing drug tolerance in the stringent response (SR), MTB is a sophisticated remodeling of metabolism that slows down growth and energy requirements during famine. Recent studies emphasize the need to focus on the SR in MTB as a means of reducing the treatment duration. The MTB genome codes two polyphosphate kinases (PPK-1 and PPK-2), for maintenance of intracellular Inorganic Polyphosphate (Poly P) levels. The identification of a virulence factor of TB growth as well as persistence in host tissues may be helped in MTB using PPK2, which is required to modulate intracellular levels of regulating molecules and to sustain sensitivity to the first-line anti-drug isoniazid. Synthesized and under control by PPK2 enzymes, inorganic polyP is essential in this process since it controls stress reactions. This research, therefore, investigates the significance of PPK2 in the MTB, the chemicals suppressing a bacterial SR in MTB, and the list of PPK2 inhibitors for shortening TB.
Copyright (c) 2025 Triveni Singirisetty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROME: UPDATED INSIGHTS ON CLINICAL FEATURES, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS, AND EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT APPROACHES
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a widespread musculoskeletal disorder characterized by localized pain, tenderness, and dysfunction arising from myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). This examines offers a modified synopsis of clinical views within MPS, stresses their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic standards, and evidence-based management methods. Epidemiological statistics reveal a variety of prevalence in general societies and higher rates in chronic pain clinics, oncology patients, and patients with comorbid conditions such as fibromyalgia. Hazard variables: Duration material, systemic, psychological, and lifestyle. Etiopathogenesis involves an intertwined mechanism involving MTrP formation arranged for peripheral nociception, fundamental sensitization magnifying pain and neurogenic inflammation, preserving muscle hyperirritability. In clinical practice, MPS can be described as localized pain caused by contact with the body, restriction of movement, and partner sleep disturbance. Trust in standardized standards, clinical palpation of MTrPs, and rejection of mimics. Pharmacological therapy, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants, has modest efficacy, while non-pharmacological interventions, such as dry needling, manual therapy, and neuromuscular techniques, have more evidence of lowering pain and improving function. However, growth therapy appreciates shockwave therapy and neuromodulation, which still require validation. A multimodal, patient-centered strategy integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological modes of action according to the profile of the patient and the comorbidities should be highlighted. Although progress has been made, differences remain in the understanding of long-term effects, optimal treatment planning, and biomarker designation. Future research should prioritize large-scale randomized trials, biomarker discovery, and personalized medicine frameworks to enhance clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. This review underscores the need for a holistic, evidence-driven strategy to address the complex interplay of biopsychosocial factors in MPS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madhavi Selukar, Surekha Godbole, Sharayu Nimonkar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0