Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
The Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and clinical research (AJPCR) welcomes high-quality science that seeks to elucidate the Pharmaceutical and clinical research. The mission of the AJPCR is to bring significant, enduring research to the scientific community in the field of Pharmaceutical sciences and clinical research. AJPCR believe in its responsibility to safeguard the research and publish by providing high-quality review process and maintaining firm standards on data presentation and deposition. AJPCR goal is to help scientists to disclose their findings in the most efficient and effective way possible by keeping review times short, The heart of AJPCR mission is the publication of original research in the form of Articles, which represent top content in the journal and are highlighted with additional coverage.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
POST-ADAPTIVE SURVIVAL MECHANISMS IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) survives hostile host environments by activating complex post-adaptive survival mechanisms that enable long-term persistence and drug tolerance. Under conditions of nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and immune pressure, MTB activates metabolic reprogramming, cell wall remodeling, and regulatory networks. These responses contribute to phenotypic drug tolerance and complicate tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. This review summarizes molecular, metabolic, and phenotypic post-adaptive mechanisms employed by MTB, with particular emphasis on post-translational modifications, stress-responsive pathways, and dormancy-associated processes. In addition, the clinical relevance of these adaptive strategies, including their impact on drug efficacy, treatment duration, and therapeutic failure, is critically discussed. A deeper understanding of post-adaptive survival mechanisms may facilitate the development of improved therapeutic strategies targeting persistent and drug-tolerant TB.
Copyright (c) 2026 MURALI KRISHNA KUMAR MUTHYALA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACLOFEN AND LIBRIUM IN ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and anti-craving properties of baclofen and Librium (chlordiazepoxide) in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Methods: This was a prospective observational study including patients with a history of alcohol consumption and diagnosed with AWS. Participants were treated with baclofen and Librium. The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) scale was used to assess the severity of withdrawal symptoms. The effectiveness of baclofen and Librium was evaluated based on symptomatic relief. Results: Out of 492 patients screened, 367 subjects were attended 3 follow-ups and provided information regarding effectiveness of baclofen, Librium, and improvement of their quality of life. Both baclofen and Librium produced a significant reduction in CIWA-Ar scores. Analysis of individual CIWA-Ar subscales showed that both drugs significantly reduced sweating, tremors, and anxiety. Although Librium showed a faster onset of effect than baclofen, baclofen has greater anti-craving properties for alcohol. Conclusion: Librium and baclofen both consistently reduced the overall CIWA-Ar scores. Compared to Baclofen, chlordiazepoxide offered faster and more efficient alleviation from the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. AWS was another condition for which Baclofen demonstrated encouraging results. Baclofen shows comparable efficacy to Librium in the treatment of AWS, suggesting its potential role as an alternative therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sujana Devireddy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES IN MURRAYA KOENIGII (L.): A PHYTOCHEMICAL APPROACH
Objectives: This study presents phytochemical screening and in vitro assessment of antioxidant and anticancer activity of Murraya koenigii (L.) leaf extract and isolated molecule MKLE-01. Methods: The ethanol extract was screened for phytochemical analysis by phytochemical screening tests. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of M. koenigii and isolated compounds (MKLE-01) was evaluated by the 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method, and anticancer activity was carried out by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. Results: The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, and glycosides. In terms of their antioxidant activity, our findings demonstrated the ethanolic extracts’ significant in vitro free-radical scavenging capabilities. The extract and isolated compound half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of antioxidant activity were found at 154±0.202 μg/mL and 53±0.002 μg/mL, respectively. In comparison with cisplatin (IC50=6±0.001 μg/mL), ethanol extract revealed a moderate and dose-dependent growth diminution of breast cancer cells in the MTT assay at dosages over 100 μg/mL, with an IC50 of 72±0.023 μg/mL. The isolated compound displayed a significant effect with an IC50 of 34±0.002 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results we obtained demonstrate that isolated compounds and ethanolic extract could represent promising anticancer agents and effective antioxidants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Debapriya Behera, Nihar Ranjan Kar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COUMARIN DERIVATIVE CITROPTEN AMELIORATES INFLAMMATION-INDUCED DEPRESSION BY SUPPRESSING PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND RESTORING ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE: AN IN VIVO STUDY
Objectives: Citropten (CP), a naturally occurring coumarin with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, has not yet been comprehensively evaluated for antidepressant activity. The present investigation is designed to evaluate the antidepressant-like ability of CP in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by evaluating behavioral performance, brain neuroinflammatory cytokines, and markers of oxidative stress. Methods: Swiss albino male mice were pre-treated orally for 15 days with vehicle, CP with 25 and 50 mg/kg, or fluoxetine with 20 mg/kg. On day 15, they received a LPS injection intraperitoneally (0.83 mg/kg). Functional behavioral responses were tested on day 16 using the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open field test (OFT). Furthermore, mice brain tissues were collected to analyze cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β, and stress markers (glutathione [GSH], malondialdehyde [MDA], and catalase [CAT]). Results: LPS treatment led to a significant rise in immobility time in the FST (164.2±9.3 s vs. 115.5±4.5 s; p<0.001) and TST (172.0±7.6 s vs. 120.7±3.9 s; p<0.001) and reduced OFT exploration. CP produced clear dose-dependent improvement with a 50 mg/kg dose, reducing immobility to 91.2±5.8s (FST) and 104.8±7.9s (TST; p<0.001), comparable to fluoxetine. LPS increased brain cytokines by ~4–5 fold and caused oxidative imbalance (↑MDA, ↓GSH, ↓CAT), while CP suppressed cytokine levels and restored antioxidant defenses (reduced MDA; increased GSH and CAT). Conclusion: In mice exposed to LPS, CP demonstrated robust antidepressant-like efficacy through simultaneous suppression of central inflammatory responses and mitigation of oxidative stress, indicating promise for treating inflammation-linked depression.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vikram Jadhav, Pradeep Kumar Mohanty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THIOCOLCHICOSIDE-ASSISTED SILVER NANOPARTICLES FOR CONTROLLING WOUND PATHOGENS: IN VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY, PROTEIN AND DNA LEAKAGE AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS
Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Gloriosa superba extract and to functionalize with thiocolchicoside, and to evaluate their antibacterial, antibiofilm, protein leakage, cytoplasmic leakage, and time-dependent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Aqueous extract of G. superba was mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO3) to synthesize AgNPs, indicated by a color change from light to dark brown. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. Antibiofilm activity was measured by optical density (OD) against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas spp., while protein and cytoplasmic leakage assays assessed membrane damage. Antimicrobial activity and time-kill kinetics were tested against E. faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus aureus at 25– 100 μg/mL. Results: UV-vis spectra showed a peak at 250–270 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. TEM images revealed spherical particles. TC-AgNCs reduced biofilm OD from 0.525±0.015 to 0.455±0.005 (E. faecalis) and 0.54±0.015 to 0.46±0.005 (Pseudomonas spp.) at 25–100 μg/mL. Protein leakage increased from 0.34±0.006 to 0.38±0.006, and cytoplasmic leakage from 0.28±0.01 to 0.38±0.01. Antimicrobial activity was observed at 100 μg/mL: Pseudomonas spp. (22.5±1.0), E. faecalis (18.5±0.9), E. coli (16.0±0.8), and S. aureus (18.0±0.9). Time-kill analysis showed a reduction in bacterial counts with increasing concentration and time. Conclusion: TC-AgNCs synthesized using G. superba extract are stable, predominantly spherical, and exhibit strong dose- and time-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, with membrane-disruptive effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Parivraj priyam, Renu Vajjiravelu, Rohit Kumar Singh, Dr Deepak Nallaswamy, Dr Santhoshkumar Jayakodi, Dr Rajeshkumar Shanmugam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SELECTIVE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPH WITH TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SEMAGLUTIDE AND ERTUGLIFLOZIN IN HUMAN PLASMA
Objective: The objective of the study was to develop a method capable of simultaneously estimation of semaglutide and ertugliflozin to support pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies. Methods: An organized protein precipitation extraction technique was used for estimation of semaglutide and ertugliflozin. The two compounds were separated on an Agilent Zorbax C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μ Particle size) column, using an electro spray ionization with a positive ionization mode on a liquid chromatograph with tandem mass spectrometry instrument. Verapamil was the chosen internal standard for this estimation. The quantification was carried out using a multiple reaction monitoring method and a gradient program utilizing acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phases to achieve a separation in 2.2 min. Results: The method established was performing linearly over a working range of 1.00–1000 ng/mL for semaglutide (r2>0.98) and Ertugliflozin (r2>0.98) in human plasma. The validation parameters consisted of specificity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects, and stability, which were within acceptable limits. The stability was established in compliance with the International Council for Harmonization guideline M10 on Bioanalytical method validation. Conclusion: This method was selective and with suitable sensitivity at the 1.00 ng/mL as the lower limit of quantification employed for semaglutide and Ertugliflozin. It can be utilized for quantification in human plasma and will facilitate the further application to exploratory formulation studies for the combination of these two drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jagapathi Raju Vatsavayi, R Baby Nalanda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF IMEGLIMIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND SITAGLIPTIN PHOSPHATE USING REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Objectives: The aim of the study was to develop and validate a precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for concurrent estimation of imeglimin hydrochloride (IMG) and Sitagliptin phosphate (SIT) in bulk and dosage forms as per International Council for Harmonization guidelines. Methods: The RP-HPLC technique utilized a Fortis C18 column (100×4.6 mm, 2.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water, along with 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid in a 43:57 ratio at pH 3.5 for the separation of IMG and SIT. The chromatographic parameters included a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and an injection volume of 20 µL, with a brief run time under isocratic conditions. Detection was carried out using a diode array detector, and quantification was performed at 266 nm. Results: The RP-HPLC method exhibited outstanding linearity, with R2 values of 0.9995 for IMG and 0.9996 for SIT at 266 nm. The recovery rates were determined to be 99.61–101.23% for IMG and 99.27–102.48% for SIT. The limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for IMG were established at 0.450 ppm and 1.365 ppm, respectively. For SIT, the LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.028 ppm and 0.086 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The method developed in this research is accurate, robust, and offers excellent separation and resolution of IMG and SIT. The findings support the potential use of this method for quality control of combination formulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vijay Agrawal; Rajesh Varade, Komal Patel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SERUM URIC ACID AS A PREDICTOR OF MICROVASCULAR AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN SOUTH ASIAN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A METAANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Objectives: The objective of the study was to systematically evaluate evidence from observational studies in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to determine whether higher serum uric acid (SUA) levels are associated with an increased risk of microvascular (e.g., nephropathy/ albuminuria) and macrovascular (e.g., coronary artery disease [CAD]) complications, and to examine the consistency of any relationship between SUA and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Methods: We systematically searched multiple electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science (Science Citation Index), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for observational studies published between 2014 and 2024 that evaluated associations between SUA, HbA1c, and vascular outcomes in South Asian adults with T2DM. Eligible studies were appraised for quality, and relevant data were extracted to construct a master characteristics table and a statistical dataset. Forest plots were generated to analyze correlation coefficients and odds ratios (ORs) for nephropathy, CAD, and surrogate vascular markers. Results: Four cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. Correlation analyses revealed a positive relationship between SUA and microvascular indicators such as albuminuria (r≈0.24) and carotid intima-media thickness (r≈0.25). Pooled analysis demonstrated that elevated SUA was associated with increased odds of diabetic nephropathy (OR≈3.1) and CAD (OR≈2.1). No consistent association was observed between SUA and HbA1c levels. Heterogeneity was moderate, and most estimates were adjusted for key confounders. Conclusion: SUA is positively associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications in South Asian patients with T2DM. Further longitudinal studies are needed to validate its predictive utility and potential role in risk stratification.
Copyright (c) 2026 SRIKRISHNA RAGHAVENDRA BODDU, PRADEEP KUMAR PATEL DAYANI http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF LIDOCAINE SPRAY, COLD PACKS, AND FLASHLIGHT DISTRACTION ON ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA CANNULATION PAIN IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: A PROSPECTIVE WITHIN-SUBJECT CONTROLLED TRIAL
Objective: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) cannulation pain remains a major challenge in the care of hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three non-pharmacological interventions – lidocaine spray, cold packs, and flashlight distraction – in reducing AVF cannulation pain in Iraqi HD patients. Methods: A prospective within-subject controlled trial was conducted at Al-Kadhmia Hospital in Baghdad. Thirty-five male HD patients with AVFs participated in a 4-week within-subject design study. Week 1 served as the control with no intervention, while lidocaine spray, cold packs, and a flashlight were applied, respectively, in weeks 2, 3, and 4 before cannulation. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after each session. Results: A significant difference was observed between the four conditions (F[3,102]=23.687, p<0.001). Mean VAS scores were highest in the control group (6.11±1.05), followed by flashlight (5.71±0.86), cold packs (5.11±1.05), and lidocaine (5.00±1.14). All three interventions significantly reduced pain compared with control (p<0.001), with lidocaine demonstrating the greatest reduction. Conclusion: Lidocaine spray, cold packs, and a flashlight can significantly reduce cannulation pain in HD patients, with lidocaine being the most effective. These findings support incorporating simple, low-cost interventions into HD care to enhance patient comfort.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMMED MURTADHA, MOHANAD ABDULSAHIB ZABOON, SABA HAMEED, HIBA MURTADHA AL-SAADI, AHMED M. ALCHARRAKH, FARIDA ISLAHUDIN http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF TANNIC ACID AGAINST CADMIUM-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS: A MECHANISTIC INSIGHT
Objectives: This study explores the potential hepatoprotective effects of tannic acid (TA), a polyphenolic antioxidant, in mitigating cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Methods: Cd was administered to induce oxidative stress-induced damage in male Wistar rats, and TA was orally fed to assess its protective role. Following the completion of the 15-day treatment period, serum organ damage markers, biomarkers of oxidative stress, activities of the Krebs’ cycle enzymes, and respiratory chain enzymes were measured. Alteration of glycogen and collagen content were histologically studied to evaluate the state of inflammation and tissue damage. Changes in mitochondrial morphology were also studied. In addition, the interaction of Cd with an important antioxidant enzyme, catalase (CAT), was also studied. Results: Rats pre-treated with TA showed significant protection against the harmful alterations caused by Cd by reducing endogenous reactive oxygen species through the control of the antioxidant defense system, inflammatory responses, and metabolic enzyme activities. Moreover, TA was also found to protect the tissue morphology and collagen deposition of the hepatic tissue and mitochondrial morphology, possibly by increasing mitochondrial viability. From isothermal titration calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy studies, it is evident that TA can protect the secondary structure of CAT from being altered in the presence of Cd. Conclusion: Our results systematically demonstrate that TA provided protection against Cd-induced oxidative stress-mediated damage in rat liver tissues through its antioxidant and metal chelating mechanism(s). The results suggest the possibility of using TA alone or alongside dietary interventions in instances of oxidative stress triggered by Cd, emphasizing its potential therapeutic relevance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Krishnendu Dalui, Adrita Banerjee, Romit Majumder, Madhuri Datta, Sanatan Mishra, Aindrila Chattopadhyay http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOSYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA L. AND ITS ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Objectives: The objective of the present study was to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 nanoparticles [NPs]) using Hydrocotyle umbellata L. through a biogenic approach and to evaluate their antidiabetic potential through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays, along with antioxidant activity using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H2O2, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using H. umbellata L. extract and characterized by ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The antioxidant efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), FRAP, ABTS, and nitric oxide assays. Antidiabetic activity was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays at different concentrations (10–50 μg/mL), and results were compared with standard antioxidants and antidiabetic drugs. Results: The formation of Fe2O3 NPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, showing a characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm after 48 h. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with DPPH radical scavenging activity ranging from 63.55% to 88.32% at concentrations of 10–50 μg/mL, comparable to the standard ascorbic acid. Significant α-amylase inhibitory activity (48–84%) was observed when compared with the standard drug acarbose. Overall, the results demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant and antidiabetic efficacy of the biogenically synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. Conclusion: The biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using H. umbellata L. is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, highlighting their potential as promising candidates for the development of plant-based nanotherapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulochana Govindharaj, Kohila Kalimuthu, Kanish S, Rajeshkumar Shanmugam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RAPID ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE–FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC QUANTIFICATION OF ATENOLOL IN ITS MICROSPHERES AND TABLETS: A GREEN APPROACH
Objective: A solvent-free direct quantification of atenolol (ATN)-loaded microspheres and its tablets by utilizing attenuated total reflectance (ATR)– Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was the prime objective of the current research work. Methods: Developing a non-destructive analytical method to quantify the polymer-based analyte is a tremendous task. Since there is a lacuna in the analysis of drugs in the presence of interfering formulation excipients, we proposed an ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of ATN in its polymer-based microsphere formulations. This ATR-FTIR spectroscopic analysis is based on the measurement of the absorption bands and deriving the linearity calibration curve for the effective quantification of ATN in its formulations. Results and Discussion: The prominent absorption was found at 1235 cm⁻1 due to the stretching of the C-O-C aromatic ether linkage moiety of ATN. The linearity of absorbance versus the concentration was found in the range 10–100%w/w with the r2=0.9960. The high percentage of recovery of ATN in microspheres and its marketed tablets (99.76 and 99.66% w/w) demonstrates the compliance of the accuracy study limits as per the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Precision study results showed acceptable % relative standard deviation values. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values (0.7 % w/w and 2.0 % w/w, respectively) indicated the high sensitivity of the method. The polymer excipients of the ATN-loaded microsphere and in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the active drug. Conclusion: Thus, the developed ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method is non-destructive, solvent-free, green, inexpensive, accurate, and rapid technique for quantitative determination of ATN in their polymer microspheres and tablet formulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annapoorani Arjunan, Ruby S, Kumar M http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG THERAPY ON THYROID FUNCTION AND THYROID VOLUME IN CHILDREN WITH SEIZURE DISORDERS: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy on thyroid function parameters and thyroid volume in children aged 2–12 years with seizure disorders. Methods: This prospective observational study included 45 children aged 2–12 years with seizure disorders receiving antiepileptic therapy and followed for 6 months. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid volume by ultrasonography were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Participants received monotherapy or polytherapy, predominantly sodium valproate, phenytoin, and levetiracetam. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the Mann–Whitney U test (p<0.05 considered significant). Results: The mean age of participants was 7.29±2.69 years. On pooled analysis, mean TSH levels showed a mild, non-significant increase over time (p=0.40), while FT3 and FT4 levels remained stable. However, children receiving sodium valproate demonstrated a statistically significant rise in mean TSH from 3.07±1.45 to 3.24±1.56 mIU/L at 6 months (p=0.032), with normal FT3 and FT4 levels. Subgroup analysis confirmed that this significant change was observed only with sodium valproate (p=0.032). Thyroid volume showed a marginal, non-significant increase during follow-up (p=0.15), with no significant difference between monotherapy and polytherapy groups. Conclusion: Sodium valproate therapy in children is associated with a significant rise in TSH levels suggestive of subclinical hypothyroidism. Periodic thyroid function monitoring every 6–12 months is advisable in children receiving long-term sodium valproate therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bodhisatya Das, Dr. Wasim Akram, Dr. Mahaprasad Pal, Dr. Pranab Das http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROPROTECTIVE EVALUATION OF TANGERETIN: INSIGHTS FROM INSILICO AND IN VITRO STUDIES ON RAT GLIOMA CELL LINE
Objective: The objective of the study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of tangeretin by in silico molecular docking with GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and in vitro assays using the C6 cell line. Methods: Phytochemicals sourced from PubChem and the ZINC database were docked to the GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor (NMDAR) (Protein Data Bank: 5EWJ) using PyRx. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity properties, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability were assessed through SwissADME and Online BBB prediction server. With the molecule of interest, in vitro studies such as MTT, apoptosis assay, gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax-2, caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 were detected. Results: The study explored tangeretin as a therapeutic agent targeting the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs. Docking studies showed strong binding affinity (−7.3 kcal/mol) and interactions mimicking ifenprodil. Tangeretin complied with Lipinski’s rule, high GI absorption (98.478%), BBB penetration, and non-mutagenicity, supporting its use for neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro assays confirmed >85% viability at 1000 μg/mL (85.65 ± 1.07% at 1000 μg/mL) and anti-apoptotic effects by significantly upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax and Caspase-3. Conclusion: Tangeretin demonstrated significant neuroprotective potential by inhibiting NMDAR-mediated apoptosis, increasing anti-apoptotic gene expression. With its high gastrointestinal absorption, BBB permeability, and low cytotoxicity, tangeretin emerges as a safe therapeutic candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases. This study elucidates molecular and cellular effects, laying the foundation for developing tangeretin-based neuroprotective therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Monica P, V N SRI VARSHINI BAYYANA, NATTYA PARAMESH, THILAK G B http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS ON ANTIBIOTIC USE AMONG MEDICAL AND NON-MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY IN SOUTH INDIA
Objectives: To compare myths, attitudes, and selected practices related to antibiotic use among medical and non-medical undergraduate students. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 300 students (medical: n=155; non-medical: n=145) in South India. Items assessed misconceptions (antibiotics for viral infections), recent antibiotic use, prescription-seeking, course completion, storage of leftovers, and attitudes on rational use using Likert responses. Data were summarized as frequencies/percentages and compared using Chi-square tests (p<0.05). Results: The misconception that antibiotics treat viral infections was higher among non-medical students (117/145, 80.7%) than medical students (52/155, 33.5%) (p<0.001). Antibiotic use in the past 6 months was frequent (medical: 110/155, 71.0%; non-medical: 91/145, 62.8%). The course completion was better in medical students (112/155, 72.3% vs. 82/145, 56.6%; p=0.004), as was reporting improvement after use (127/155, 82.0% vs. 104/145, 71.7%; p=0.041). Leftover antibiotics were stored for future use by 97/155 (62.6%) medical and 64/145 (44.1%) non-medical students. Agreement that antibiotics can treat fever was lower among medical students (32/155, 20.6%) than non-medical students (67/145, 46.3%) (p<0.001). Disagreement with stopping antibiotics when symptoms improve was higher in medical students (79.4% vs. 32.4%; p<0.001). Most of the respondents supported patient education to reduce resistance (medical: 95.4% agreement; non-medical: 91.0%) and endorsed consulting a physician before starting antibiotics (91.6% vs. 78.0%). Conclusion: Among undergraduate students in this university-based survey, misconceptions and unsafe self-reported antibiotic-related practices remained common, particularly in the non-medical group. Targeted stewardship education should be strengthened across disciplines, with foundational messages for non-medical students and stronger emphasis among medical students on translating knowledge into safe, real-world practice, especially avoiding storage and reuse of leftover antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jenab Ali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REFRAMING OSTEOPOROSIS AS A “HUMAN” RATHER THAN “FEMALE” DISEASE: INSIGHTS FROM GENDER-COMPARATIVE BIOMARKER ANALYSIS
Objectives: To compare bone turnover markers (BTM) (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX] and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide [P1NP]), femoral neck T-scores, and biochemical parameters (calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone [PTH]) between males and females, and to evaluate their association with fracture history in an age-matched cohort. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 age-matched adults (50 men and 50 women) from Mullana, Haryana. Serum calcium, vitamin D, PTH, CTX, and P1NP were measured using standardized assays. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Group comparisons were performed using Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate. Correlations were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: No statistically significant gender differences were observed in calcium, vitamin D, PTH, CTX, or P1NP levels (all p≥0.05). CTX and P1NP showed strong negative correlations with T-score (r=−0.73 and −0.68, p<0.001), while calcium and vitamin D showed moderate positive correlations (r=0.55 and 0.58, p<0.001). CTX and P1NP demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance for osteoporosis. Fracture history was significantly associated with lower T-scores but not with individual biochemical markers. Conclusion: Biochemical and densitometric profiles were broadly comparable between sexes. While BTMs reflect disease severity, DXA-derived BMD remains central for fracture risk stratification. Observed disparities in clinical outcomes between men and women likely reflect healthcare practice patterns rather than inherent biological differences. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Harit Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ESSENTIAL OIL
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro wound healing activity through antioxidant, antibacterial, and fibroblast cell proliferation and migration capabilities of Zingiber officinale essential oil (ZEO), as well as to identify its metabolite profile. Methods: Extraction of essential oil using the hydrodistillation method. Metabolite profile was analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. In vitro wound healing activity was evaluated through fibroblast cell proliferation and the fibroblast cell migration using the scratch assay. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the microdilution method against six wound-infecting bacteria, while the ABTS method measured antioxidant activity. Results: The GC-MS analysis showed citral (15.1%), camphene (14.9%), Z-citral (10.8%), and 1,8-cineole (8.0%) as major compounds. ZEO showed low antioxidant activity (IC50 >250 μg/mL). The antibacterial activity results showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value and minimum bactericidal concentration value against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at 16 μg/mL. ZEO increased fibroblast cell proliferation to 120% of the control value at a concentration of 1 μg/mL and improved wound closure by 80.52% after 48 h of incubation time at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. ZEO has the potential to be utilized as an alternative natural source for wound healing due to its antibacterial effects and ability to stimulate fibroblast cell proliferation and migration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suryati Syafri, Senti Dwi Suryani, Irwandi Jaswir, Faridah Yusof, Dachriyanus Hamidi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING FIXED DOSE MEDICATION REGIMEN PRESCRIBING PATTERNS ACROSS CLINICAL SPECIALITIES
Objectives: This study was to evaluate the medication regimen as a fundamental cornerstone of pharmacological therapy, focusing on the interplay between drug names, dosages, and schedules. Specifically, the study aimed to: Address the critical global challenge of non-adherence and its impact on disease progression and healthcare costs, Investigate how physicians across seven clinical specialties balance the pharmacological requirements of maintaining a steady-state with the practical, real-world challenges of patient adherence, Analyze the decision-making process behind prescribing patterns to identify strategies for optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Background: A medication regimen is the fundamental cornerstone of pharmacological therapy, defined by drug names, dosages, and schedules. While meticulous design is essential for therapeutic efficacy, non-adherence remains a critical global challenge, leading to disease progression and increased healthcare costs. This study explores how physicians across seven clinical specialties balance pharmacological steady-state requirements with the practical challenges of patient adherence. Methods: A structured, multi-specialty survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. A target sample of 320 physicians was determined based on a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level, with 250 responses achieved (78% response rate). The questionnaire underwent content validation by expert pharmacists and reliability testing (Cronbach’s alpha=0.78). Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and inferential statistics, specifically Pearson’s Chi-square test, to determine the significance of observed differences across demographics and specialties. Results: Analysis of 250 physician responses (Mean distribution: 35.71, standard deviation [SD]: ±11.34) revealed that the thrice daily (TID) regimen is the most prevalent prescribing frequency (44%; SD: ±14.2%) to maintain therapeutic steady-state levels through meal-linked intervals. Statistically significant variation was observed across clinical specialties (p<0.001); psychiatry (50%) and pediatrics (45%) prioritized once daily (OD) dosing, whereas endocrinology (60%) and cardiology (55%) favored TID schedules. Demographic adaptations were highly evident, with over 75% of physicians transitioning to “minimum event” (OD/BID) schedules for pediatric and geriatric populations to reduce pill burden (p<0.001). While gender did not significantly dictate core dosing frequency (p>0.05), it significantly influenced drug selection and specific instructions related to pregnancy and breastfeeding. Conclusion: While the 3-times-a-day, meal-based regimen remains the clinical standard, physicians actively and significantly simplify schedules for pediatric and geriatric patients. The findings suggest that integrating meal-based reminders and “minimum event” logic into prescribing systems could enhance patient adherence and health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anjali Patadiya, Dharmik Mehta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHLOROGENIC ACID FROM SARGASSUM ILICIFOLIUM ATTENUATES CHEMOTHERAPYINDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY THROUGH SIRT1 ACTIVATION
Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective potential of Sargassum ilicifolium extract against cyclophosphamide (CPM) drug-induced kidney injury using integrated in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches, with emphasis on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated mechanisms. Methods: The ethanolic extract of S. ilicifolium was characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Cytotoxicity and SIRT1 expression were assessed by SIRT1 assay in HK-2 cells, supported by molecular docking studies of chlorogenic acid (CGA) with SIRT1. Acute oral toxicity and nephroprotective efficacy were evaluated in cyclophosphamide-induced renal injury in rats through biochemical and histopathological analyses. Results: LC-MS analysis revealed diverse phytochemicals, with CGA identified as the major constituent (m/z 354.31, retention time 4.5 min). CGA exhibited low cytotoxicity (IC50=237.6 μg/mL) and significantly restored SIRT1 expression in HK-2 cells. Docking studies showed favorable binding with SIRT1 (–5.85 kcal/mol). In vivo, cyclophosphamide markedly elevated serum creatinine (1.57±0.085 mg/dL), uric acid (5.95±0.267 mg/dL), and urea (98.23±3.549 mg/dL), whereas treatment with S. ilicifolium (400 mg/kg) normalized these biomarkers (~0.56 mg/dL creatinine, ~2.0 mg/dL uric acid, ~28–29 mg/dL urea) and preserved renal histoarchitecture. Cyclophosphamide induced electrolyte imbalance and renal tubular dysfunction in rats, whereas treatment with S. ilicifolium extract restored sodium (144.57±3.459 mmol/L) and chloride (101.22±0.465 mmol/L) levels and shifted potassium and calcium closer to the normal range, indicating renoprotective activity. All data were tested for statistical significance at **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 versus the negative control. Conclusion: S. ilicifolium extract exhibited significant nephroprotective activity through SIRT1 upregulation, biochemical normalization, and renal tissue preservation, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate for drug-induced kidney damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 CHADUPATLA RAMYA, RAHUL INGLE, REENA SOWMYA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NETWORK PHARMACOLOGY-GUIDED TARGET IDENTIFICATION OF CADAMBINE AND DERIVATIVES FROM NEOLAMARCKIA CADAMBA AGAINST ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE WITH IN SILICO ADMET PROFILING
Objectives: To identify Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-relevant molecular targets of cadambine and its derivatives from Neolamarckia cadamba using a predictive network pharmacology framework and to evaluate their drug-likeness, permeability, and safety through in silico ADMET profiling. Methods: Disease genes were obtained from GeneCards, whereas compound targets for cadambine, 3-dihydrocadambine, and 3β-isodihydrocadambine were predicted through SwissTargetPrediction. Overlapping targets were analyzed using STRING and Cytoscape for protein–protein interactions and node centrality. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment provided functional insights. SwissADME and ProTox 3.0 assessed physiochemical, permeability, and toxicity profiles. In recent years, network pharmacology has matured into a robust, systems-level methodology that integrates polypharmacology, systems biology, bioinformatics, and network modeling to elucidate complex disease mechanisms and multitarget drug actions. Contemporary studies published in 2024–2025 demonstrate the application of network pharmacology to AD contexts, combining target prediction with gene-disease association data and pathway enrichment to reveal multi-pathway therapeutic hypotheses and actionable biological insights. Results: Key hub targets included caspase-3, epidermal growth factor receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, matrix metalloproteinase-9/matrix metalloproteinase-2, solute carrier family 2 member 1, and adenosine receptors, linked to apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and metabolism. GO/KEGG analysis revealed neuronal membrane localization and G protein-coupled receptor signaling. ADMET predicted low blood– brain barrier permeability, low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ ~3000 mg/kg), and possible immuno- and respiratory toxicity. In vitro assays demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities, supporting a general neuroprotective phenotype. Conclusion: Cadambine and its derivatives exhibit multitarget potential relevant to AD through network-level modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and signaling pathways. These findings support further target-specific validation and formulation-based strategies to improve central nervous system delivery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ronald darwin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPROVING MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN EPILEPSY: THE EFFECT OF COUNSELLING ON DRUG-INDUCED COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES
Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of patient counseling on cognitive impairment and behavioral adverse effects associated with antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy among emerging adults with epilepsy. Methods: This prospective pre-post interventional study was conducted in the Department of Neurology at a tertiary care hospital in Kerala from May 2024 to October 2024. A total of 47 patients with epilepsy aged 18–29 years who were receiving AED therapy were included. The impact of patient counseling on cognitive impairment and behavioral adverse effects of AEDs was assessed using baseline and follow-up evaluations. Results: Among the emerging adults with epilepsy, the mean age was approximately 20 years, and males constituted 68% of the study population. Levetiracetam was the most frequently prescribed AED, accounting for 47% of prescriptions. The mean cognitive impairment score decreased from 18.21±0.954 at baseline to 15.32±0.471 at the final follow-up. Similarly, the mean behavioral adverse-effect score decreased from 18.15±1.000 at baseline to 15.21±0.657 at follow-up. These findings indicate improvement in cognitive and behavioral outcomes following patient counseling. Conclusion: Patient counseling appears to improve cognitive and behavioral outcomes in emerging adults receiving AED therapy. Strengthening communication between healthcare providers and patients may enhance treatment understanding, reduce adverse effects, and improve quality of life. Further studies with larger samples and comparative designs are needed to confirm these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 VINEETHA S, HEMALATHA SELVARAJ, DAVIS MANUEL A http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RUTIN FROM RUTA CHALEPENSIS ALLEVIATES ROTENONE-INDUCED DOPAMINE DEPLETION AND MOTOR DEFICITS THROUGH ANTI-OXIDATIVE AND ANTI-APOPTOTIC EFFECTS IN A RAT MODEL OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Objectives: Rutin, a flavonol glycoside derived from Ruta chalepensis, has shown antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties in in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, its neuroprotective mechanisms in vivo remain inadequately characterised. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of rutin in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD. Methods: Male albino Wistar rats were administered rotenone (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 28 days to induce Parkinsonian features. Rutin was administered orally at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg to determine the optimal neuroprotective concentration. Motor performance was assessed using behavioral tests, followed by estimation of striatal dopamine levels, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and expression of dopaminergic and apoptotic proteins. Results: Rotenone administration resulted in significant motor impairment, striatal dopamine depletion, increased oxidative stress, reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter-2, elevated α-synuclein levels, and activation of apoptotic signaling characterised by increased Bax, cytochrome c, and caspases-3, -8, and -9, along with decreased Bcl-2 expression. Rutin treatment produced a dose-dependent improvement in motor function, with 10 mg/kg identified as the most effective dose. Co-treatment with rutin (10 mg/kg) significantly restored antioxidant enzyme activities, normalized dopaminergic protein expression, reduced α-synuclein accumulation, and suppressed apoptotic pathways. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that rutin confers significant neuroprotection against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis in vivo. Rutin may represent a promising candidate for disease-modifying therapy in PD, warranting further investigation of its mitochondrial and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gorre Venkata Nagaraju http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATION OF KARANJIN IN BARK AND SEED EXTRACT OF PONGAMIA PINNATA PLANT AND MARKETED KARANJIN OIL USING THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY DENSITOMETRY
Objectives: The present study focuses on the development and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the quantification of karanjin in ethanolic extracts of bark and seeds of Pongamia pinnata, as well as in marketed karanjin oil. P. pinnata, a member of the Fabaceae family, is recognized for its traditional medicinal properties, primarily attributed to karanjin, a furanoflavonoid with notable biological activities. Methods: The HPTLC method was optimized using a silica gel stationary phase and a mobile phase comprising toluene and ethyl acetate in a ratio of 8:2. Parameters such as specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were assessed according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Results: Karanjin showed good linearity over the range of 100–500 ng/band with a correlation coefficient (r2>0.99). The LOD and LOQ were 3.15 ng/band and 9.56 ng/band, respectively. Precision studies demonstrated % relative standard deviation values <1% for both intra-day and inter-day analysis. The method showed high accuracy with recovery values ranging from 99.0% to 101.2%. Assay results indicated karanjin content of 3.05±0.02% w/w in bark extract, 30.55±0.30% w/w in seed extract, and 33.40±0.19% w/w in marketed oil. Conclusion: The developed HPTLC method offers a rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical approach for the estimation of karanjin, thereby facilitating its application in both pharmaceutical and agricultural contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashwini Shivaji Shendage , Navneet Khurana, Rajesh Kumar, Gurvinder Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPREHENSIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF ACALYPHA FRUTICOSA LEAVES IN TYPE I DIABETIC RATS
Objectives: The study evaluates the safety, phytochemical composition, and effectiveness of Acalypha fruticosa leaf extracts in managing Type I diabetes in rats. Methods: The methodology involves collecting and verifying plant materials, preparing methanolic extracts, identifying phytochemicals, and determining morphological characteristics. Protective effects are assessed through monitoring body weight, feed, and water consumption, measuring plasma glucose and insulin levels, evaluating lipid peroxidative markers, assessing antioxidant activities, measuring inflammation-related cytokines, assessing liver health, and evaluating the impact on alpha-amylase glycogen levels. Histopathological study is also conducted to observe structural changes and protective effects. The aim is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of A. fruticosa leaves extracts in managing Type I diabetes. Results: Methanolic extract of A. fruticosa (MeAF) (A. fruticosa) was effective in preventing weight loss, with the higher dose (500 mg/kg) being particularly effective in maintaining body weight. MeAF 250 mg/kg moderately prevented weight loss and improved insulin levels, while MeAF 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved various biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. MeAF increased catalase activity and restored superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, showing strong antioxidant potential similar to insulin. MeAF reduced inflammatory markers and showed moderate liver protection, with the higher dose being more effective in reducing alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed a significant elevation in serum α-amylase levels, whereas treatment with MeAF exhibited a dose-dependent reduction. Similarly, MeAF improved liver glycogen levels and restored plasma vitamin C, with 500 mg/kg producing effects comparable to those observed with insulin. MeAF preserved pancreatic structure with no significant damage to islets or acini at the higher dose, suggesting protective effects against diabetes-induced damage. Conclusion: A. fruticosa (MeAF) has shown promising potential in managing diabetes and its complications. It improves glucose metabolism, reduces oxidative stress, and provides moderate protection to pancreatic and liver tissues in diabetic rats. MeAF could serve as a natural, complementary therapy, especially in areas with limited access to conventional treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suri CR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY AS PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR NECK PAIN AND CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOM RECURRENCE
Objectives: Existing literature substantiates non-operative management, particularly physical therapy, and adjunctive modalities, as the primary approach for treating cervical radiculopathy (CR). However, there is a subset of patients who do not improve with primary physical therapy, hence requiring additional procedures. This study evaluates the short-term efficacy of physical therapy interventions in individuals diagnosed with CR and describing the clinical characteristics of patients who experienced symptom recurrence during follow-up. Methods: In this prospective cohort study of 60 patients (18–60 years) diagnosed with CR by a medical practitioner and fulfilling inclusion criteria were evaluated using tests and scales for pain, disability, quality of life, strength, and dexterity. Individualized physical-therapy protocols were designed with evaluations at admission, discharge and up to 6 months. Patients’ improvements were documented, and the clinical characteristics of patients with symptom recurrence were described. Results: The mean numerical pain rating scale, neck disability index and CR impact scale scores at entry and discharge were (6.9±1.4 and 1.1±1.1), (25.1±7.1 and 3.7±3.3) and (48.6±21.3 and 84.7±8.2), respectively. The scores were significantly different with a Z-score of −6.7359. At p<0.0001, t-Score −21.146 at p<0.0001 and t-Score 12.86 at p<0.0001, the Grip strength was lower on the affected side (50.5±12.8 vs. 59.9±14.2, p<0.0001). 10 participants reported improved quality of life, and all the patients reported excellent relief from symptoms, which was consistent at 3 and 6-month follow-ups. During continued clinical follow-up beyond the study period, eight patients reported recurrence of symptoms. Conclusion: The results from our study support physical therapy intervention as the primary treatment modality for neck pain and CR. There is a certain subset of patients in whom the results worsen over time who end up requiring additional procedures, including surgery. Six of the eight patients who experienced symptom recurrence were subsequently diagnosed with early-stage cervical myelopathy, indicating that for a subset of patients initially diagnosed with radiculopathy, the underlying pathology may be more complex and involve the spinal cord. This highlights the importance of vigilant monitoring for myelopathic signs during follow-up to facilitate timely surgical referral.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sriram K1, Jyoti S. Jeevannavar2 and Santosh Jeevannavar 3* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING SESAME LIGNANS FROM SESAME SEEDS (SESAMUM INDICUM L.): UNVEILING ANTIDEPRESSANT AND COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT POTENTIAL THROUGH IN SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING AND IN VITRO STUDIES
Objective: Sesame lignans, sesamin and sesamolin, have shown promise due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but their precise neuropharmacological mechanisms and safety profiles remain inadequately explored. The study was purposed to “Evaluating Sesame Lignans from Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum L.): Unveiling antidepressant and cognitive enhancement potential through in silico molecular docking and in vitro studies.” Method: This study employed an integrated in silico and in vitro approach. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding affinity and interactions of sesamin and sesamolin with targets – amyloid-beta (Aβ), apolipoprotein E, and the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles were predicted using Swiss absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, Pharmacokinetics using graph-based signatures (pkCSM), and Protein Toxicity Prediction System – Version II (ProTox-II). In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells using the MTT assay (- 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide Assay). Result: Both lignans exhibited strong binding affinities for Aβ and NET, forming stable interactions via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. They demonstrated favorable drug-likeness, high gastrointestinal absorption, and blood-brain barrier permeability. In silico predictions indicated a low toxicity risk, with no mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. Crucially, both compounds maintained high cell viability (>70%) in SH-SY5Y cells at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 386 μg/mL (sesamin) and 361 μg/mL (sesamolin), confirming their neuronal safety. Conclusion: Sesamin and sesamolin demonstrate significant potential as multi-target neurotherapeutic agents. Their ability to modulate key pathological targets, combined with excellent pharmacokinetic properties and a high margin of neuronal safety, positions them as promising candidates for the treatment of cognitive disorders and depression, warranting further preclinical investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 ARUNA M, PUNNAGAI KUMARAVELU, BHUVANESWARI http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LEVETIRACETAM AND BRIVARACETAM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FOCAL EPILEPSY: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Objective: Focal epilepsy accounts for the majority of epilepsy cases in the global scenario and is often intractable to therapy because of variability in etiology and drug resistance. Levetiracetam (LEV) and its more recently developed analogue brivaracetam (BRV), are widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs acting through synaptic vesicle protein 2A. The present study compares the efficacy, tolerability, and impact on the quality of life of both LEV and BRV in Indian patients with focal epilepsy. Methods: A prospective comparative observational study was done at KIMS Hospitals, Rajahmundry for 6 months. Sixty adult patients were enrolled using purposive sampling and divided into two groups: LEV-Group A and BRV-Group B. Seizure frequency and health-related quality of life by World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The statistical tools used included paired and independent t-tests. Results with p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: Both LEV and BRV were associated with a significant reduction in seizure frequency, with p<0.001. BRV was associated with a numerically greater mean reduction of 2.56 versus 2.17, though this did not reach statistical significance. Quality-of-life improvement was noted in both groups, though higher gains were realized in the BRV group in various areas: Physical and psychological. In both, the reported adverse effects were of a mild nature, though behavioral disturbances were more frequent with LEV. Conclusion: LEV and BRV are equal in efficacy with regard to seizure control, but BRV shows better tolerability and a slightly greater improvement in quality of life, supporting its role as a preferred alternative for patients who are intolerant to LEV.
Copyright (c) 2026 L.S.D Sireesha K, Himaja Kumari Ponnada, Anusha Vara prada Nakka, Sai Sri Kalam, Sayantika Datta, Sai Shashank Gudla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF AMOMUM AGASTYAMALAYANUM V. P. THOMAS AND M. SABU (ZINGIBERACEAE)
Objectives: The objective of the study is to analyze the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of Amomum agastyamalayanum, an endemic species to the Western Ghats of South India, and to evaluate its antioxidant potential. Methods: The chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-resolution liquid chromatography (HR-LC)/MS. Quantitative estimation of major phytocomponents, including phenolics, terpenoids, and flavonoids, was done. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: GC/MS and HR-LC/MS analyses revealed the presence of several bioactive components. The extract was found to be rich in terpenes such as 5β-cholestan-3-one ethylene acetal, 1-hexacosene, β-guaiene, caryophyllene, aromadendrene, α-cedrene oxide, and rosifoliol. The methanolic extract showed high phytochemical content, with phenolics (88.41±3.06 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g dry weight [DW]), terpenoids (106.67±3.83 mg linalool/g DW), and flavonoids (94.05±6.37 mg QE/g DW) as the major constituents. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 47.26±1.00 μg/mL for DPPH, 40.66±3.53 μg/mL for superoxide radical scavenging, and 27.72±2.37 μg/mL for lipid peroxidation inhibition. FRAP was significant, showing a reducing capacity equivalent to 7.12±0.48 μmoL/mL FeSO4·7H2O at 10 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of A. agastyamalayanum is rich in bioactive phytochemicals and exhibits potent antioxidant activity, highlighting its potential as a natural source of antioxidant compounds for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sinitha K, Renjana P. K., John Ernest Thoppil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATING GREEN CHEMISTRY AND QUALITY BY DESIGN: DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL STARCH-BASED MICROCOMPOSITE SYSTEM FOR PROLONGED CAPTOPRIL DELIVERY AND FLATTENED PHARMACOKINETICS
Objectives: The goal of this work was to form a new once-a-day oral dosage form (microcomposite beads) for the blood pressure drug Captopril that releases the medicine slowly, and that is built from a starch taken from plants by a low-impact “green” method. Methods: Tubers of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Elephant Foot Yam) were the starting material. A deep eutectic solvent made from glycerol and choline chloride pulled the native starch, which was then carboxymethylated to produce Carboxymethylated Elephant Foot Yam Starch (CM-EFYS) with 0.45±0.03 carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit. Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed new carboxylate bands, X-ray data showed a 46.7% drop in crystallinity, while swelling power rose by 77% and solubility by 133%. A quality-by-design approach with a full factorial design-of-experiments matrix was used to prepare drug-loaded beads by combining CM-EFYS with sodium alginate and cross-linking in calcium chloride. Results: The optimized formulation contained 3.2% w/v CM-EFYS, 3.1% w/v CaCl₂, and a polymer-to-drug ratio of 3.3:1, producing nearly spherical beads of 642±14 μm with 86.9±1.6% drug entrapment. The beads released Captopril gradually for 24 h and followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R2=0.992, n = 0.689). In rabbits, the beads reduced the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 62.2%, delayed time to Cmax (Tmax) from 2 h to 8 h, and increased mean residence time by 162.6%, while maintaining bioequivalent area under the curve. Six-month stability testing at 40°C and 75% relative humidity showed minimal potency loss when packed in foil. Conclusion: A functional polymer for once-daily sustained release of captopril was successfully created from green-extracted, CM-EFYS. The optimized formulation demonstrated high drug entrapment efficiency (86.9±1.6%) and controlled 24-h release following Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetics (R²=0.992, n=0.689). The formulation’s stability under accelerated conditions demonstrated its potential as an efficient and environmentally friendly sustained-release oral dosage system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinesh Bawankar, Ujwalkumar B. Vyas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE IN BARUNEI HILL, ODISHA, INDIA
Objectives: This study aimed to provide an extensive ethnobotanical survey and quantitative evaluation of medicinal plants to determine the pharmacological utility of the resources, evaluate proximate composition, and mineral content. Methods: The study was completed in 18 months (March 2024–September 2025) in the field with a total of 156 traditional healers and knowledgeable informants, providing an ethnographic examination of their roles in the traditional healthcare of communities and the importance of their relevance to modern healthcare and science products. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), relative frequency of citation, and cultural importance index were computed. All 39 recorded species were analyzed using nutritional analysis, comprising proximate composition and mineral analysis. Results: The study recorded 39 species of medicinal plants belonging to 38 genera and 22 families. The UV (UV=0.89) of Azadirachta indica was highest with great application in skin disease, and the highest level of FL (FL=94.7) of Tinospora cordifolia was observed for fever. Andrographis paniculata leaves contained a high level of protein (18.7±1.1 g/100 g). This paper presents a numbers-driven outcome of the research that would be indicative of the therapeutic and nutritional importance of the traditional medicinal plants found within the Barunei Hill. Conclusion: The potential of identified species in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries is significant and a complete clinical assessment is necessary to develop them into a prospective researchable resource.
Copyright (c) 2026 SNIGDHA BEHERA, SMRUTI RANJAN PANDA, SAMEER JENA, ABANIKANTA BHADRA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0