SHODHANA DECREASES NOOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13989Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the nootropic activity of methanolic extract of pre-shodhit and shodhit Semecarpus anacardium (SA) nuts and to observe the
effect of shodhana on nootropic activity of SA.
Methods: Spatial learning and working memory was considered for evaluation. The parameters used were spontaneous alternation behavior
(Y-maze), number of correct responses (radial maze), and transfer latency in day 1 (elevated plus maze). Scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, was
used to induce cognitive deficit. % inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was measured in vitro.
Results: Both pre-shodhit and shodhit drug reversed the scopolamine-induced a decrease in percentage spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-maze
and number of correct responses in radial maze. Scopolamine-induced increase in transfer latency in elevated plus maze was significantly decreased
by pre-shodhit drug only. Shodhit drug has no significant effect on transfer latency. Both pre-shodhit and shodhit drug showed dose-dependent
inhibition of AChE activity in vitro. Pre-shodhit drug showed a more nootropic activity than shodhit drug.
Conclusion: Methanolic extract of the nuts of S. anacardium possesses nootropic activity which may be attributed to inhibition of cholinesterase
activity. Shodhana of the nuts decreases nootropic activity.
Keywords: Semecarpus anacardium, Acetylcholine esterase, Shodhana, Nootropic.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Raut AK, Sawant NS, Badre AS, Amonkar AA, Vaidya DB. Bhallataka
(Semecarpus anacardium Linn) - A review. Indian J Trad Knowl
;6(4):653-9.
Ilanchezhian R, Acharya RN, Roshy JC, Shukla VJ. Impact of
Ayurvedic Shodhana (purificatory procedures) on Bhallataka fruits
(Semecarpus anacardium Linn) by measuring the anacardol content.
GJRMI 2012;1(7):286-94.
Vinutha B, Prashanth D, Salma K, Sreeja SL, Pratiti D, Padmaja R, et al.
Screening of selected Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase
inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;109(2):359-63.
Farooq SM, Alla TR, Rao NV, Prasad K, Shalam K, Satyanarayana SA.
Study on CNS effect of nut milk extract of semecarpus anacardium.
Pharmacologyonline 2007;1:49-63.
Bhattacharya A, Naik MR, Agrawal D, Sahu PK, Kumar S, Mishra SS.
CNS depressant and muscle relaxant effect of ethanolic leaf extract
of Moringa oleifera on albino rats. Intern J Pharm Tech Res
;6:1441-9.
Pal A, Nayak S, Sahu PK, Swain T. Piperine protects epilepsy associated
depression: A study on role of monoamines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol
Sci 2011;15(11):1288-95.
Pany SK, Pal A, Sahu PK. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin
in neurotoxicity induced rats: Role of neuroinflammation in
neurodegeneration. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2014;7(4):410-2.
Pal A, Sahu PK, Swain T, Juadi S. Effect of galanolactone on learning
and memory: A study on role of serotonin. Pharmacologyonline
;3:102-11.
Shahid M, Pillai KK, Vohora D. Reversal of phenytoin induced
impairment of spontaneous alteration by piracetam in mice: Involvement
of cholinergic system. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36(1):20-4.
Eckerman DA, Gordon WA, Edwards JD, MacPhail RC, Gage MI.
Effects of scopolamine, pentobarbital, and amphetamine on radial
arm maze performance in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav
;12(4):595-602.
Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Hopkins RO. Spatial memory deficits in a
virtual radial arm maze in amnesic participants with hippocampal
damage. Behav Neurosci 2010;124(3):405-13.
Sharma AC, Kulkarni SK. Reversal of Scopolamine and Dizocilpine
induced memory dysfunction by angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors in rats & mice. Indian J Pharmacol 1992;24:147-53.
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Feather-Stone RM. A new
and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity.
Biochem Pharmacol 1961;7:88-95.
Hasnat MA, Pervin M, Lim BO. Acetylcholineserase inhibition and in
vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of Ganoderma lucidum grown
on germinated brown rice. Molecules 2013;18: 6663-78.
Kulkarni SK. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 3
ed.
New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 1999. p. 172-89.
Douglas RJ, Isaacsoo RL. Spontaneous alternation and scopolamine.
Psychol Sci 1966;4:283-4.
Spencer DG Jr, Lal H. Effects of anticholinergic drugs on learning &
memory. Drug Dev Res 1983;3:489-502.
Hooper N, Fraser C, Stone TW. Effects of purine analogues on
spontaneous alternation in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl)
;123:250-7.
Hughes RN. The value of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) as a
test of retention in pharmacological investigations of memory. Neurosci
Biobehav Rev 2004;28:497-505.
Madhavadas S, Subramanian S. Combination of Spirulina with
glycyrrhizin prevents cognitive dysfunction in aged obese rats. Indian J
Pharmacol 2015;47:39-44.
Hao D, Yang L, Chen S, Tian Y, Wu S 916 MHz electromagnetic field
exposure affects rat behavior and hippocampal neuronal discharge.
rd
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 294-297
Mishra et al.
Neural Regen Res 2012;7:1488-92.
Achliya G, Barabde U, Wadodkar S, Dorle A. Effect of Brahmi Ghrita,
a polyherbal formulation on learning and memory paradigms in
experimental animals. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:159-62.
Sharma AC, Kulkarni SK. Evaluation of learning and memory
mechanisms employing elevated plus-maze in rats and mice. Prog
Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1992;16:117-25.
Itoh J, Nabeshima T, Kameyama T. Utility of an elevated plusmaze
for
the evaluation of
memory in
mice: Effects
of nootropics,
scopolamine
and
electroconvulsive
shock.
Psychopharmacology (Berl)
;101:27-33.
Saini D, Dhingra AK, Chopra B, Parle M. Psychopharmacological
investigation of the nootropic potential of Trigonella foenum Linn in
mice. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011;4:76-84.
Kulkarni PD, Ghaisas MM, Chivate ND, Sankpal PS. Memory
enhancing activity of Cissampelos pariera in mice. Int J Pharm Pharm
Sci 2011;3:206-11.
Kukkar MR, Saluja AK, Sachdeva PD, Kukkar RR. In vivo investigation
of the neuroprotective potential of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:64-6.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
