ASSESSMENT OF SERUM CTRP12 AND ADIPSIN AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE IRAQI POPULATION

MOHAMMED M ABDULKADHM; AWS RASSUL HUSSAIN; RAKESH M. RAWAL; RUSHIKESH JOSHI

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2025v18i6.54492

Authors

MOHAMMED M ABDULKADHM Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-9009
AWS RASSUL HUSSAIN Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, College of Medicine Department of Pathology, Diwaniyah, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-8862
RAKESH M. RAWAL Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-1187
RUSHIKESH JOSHI Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-5569

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2025v18i6.54492

Keywords:

CKD, Adipsin, CTRP12, ROC curve, ELISA

Abstract

Objective: The blood levels of Cystatin C and creatinine, as well as glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in clinical practice to assess impaired kidney function, particularly the existence of albuminuria. Although they are often employed, estimates of GFR mentioned above are not exact. As a result, early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) may continue to be undiagnosed. It is crucial to emphasize that early CKD treatment can either improve kidney function or, at the very least, halt the disease’s progression. In our study, we wish to find at the levels of serum Adipsin and C1q/ Tumor Necrosis Factor -related protein-12 (CTRP12) among the CKD subjects from the Iraqi population

Methods: We estimated serum Adipsin and CTRP12 levels using the ElabScience Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kits. Along with these protein levels, we tried to find the possible correlation between several blood markers and chronic renal disease in the subjects.

Results: When compared to controls, the individuals’ serum creatinine, blood urea, uric acid in serum, and CRP levels were discovered to be greater (p<0.01). The glomerular filtration rate and it was discovered that the sufferers’ group had lower calcium levels than the group with control (p<0.01). CTRP12 was discovered to be reduced, whereas it was discovered that Adipsin was higher than the control (p<0.01). From multiple correlation studies, we found that Adipsin and CTRP12 presented a positive relation (r=0.164129), and CRP with CTRP12 showed a positive relation (r=0.160291).

Conclusion: From this, we can conclude that serum levels of CTRP12 and Adipsin should be used as novel markers to detect CKD in both early and disease progression stages.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Chen TK, Knicely DH, Grams ME. Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: A review. JAMA. 2019 Oct 1;322(13):1294-304.

doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.14745, PMID 31573641, PMCID PMC7015670

Francis A, Harhay MN, Ong AC, Tummalapalli SL, Ortiz A, Fogo AB, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: An international consensus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20(7):473-85. doi: 10.1038/s41581-024-00820-6, PMID 38570631

Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, Hirst JA, O’Callaghan CA, Lasserson DS, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One. 2016;11(7):e0158765. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0158765, PMID 27383068

Ruiz-Ortega M, Rayego-Mateos S, Lamas S, Ortiz A, Rodrigues- Diez RR. Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(5):269-88. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0248-y, PMID 32060481

Liu M, Liu SW, Wang LJ, Bai YM, Zeng XY, Guo HB, et al. Burden of diabetes, hyperglycaemia in China from to 2016: findings from the 1990 to 2016, global burden of disease study. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45(3):286-93. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.08.008, PMID 30196138

Duan J, Wang C, Liu D, Qiao Y, Pan S, Jiang D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease in Chinese rural residents: A cross-sectional survey. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):10408. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46857-7, PMID 31320683

Li L, Astor BC, Lewis J, Hu B, Appel LJ, Lipkowitz MS, et al. Longitudinal progression trajectory of GFR among patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(4):504-12. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.12.009, PMID 22284441

Remuzzi G, Benigni A, Remuzzi A. Mechanisms of progression and regression of renal lesions of chronic nephropathies and diabetes. J Clin Investig. 2006;116(2):288-96. doi: 10.1172/JCI27699, PMID 16453013

Cañadas-Garre M, Anderson K, Cappa R, Skelly R, Smyth LJ, McKnight AJ, et al. Genetic susceptibility to chronic kidney disease-some more pieces for the heritability puzzle. Front Genet. 2019;10:453. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00453, PMID 31214239

Pasala S, Carmody JB. How to use serum creatinine, cystatin C and GFR. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102(1):37-43. doi: 10.1136/ archdischild-2016-311062, PMID 27647862

Steubl D, Block M, Herbst V, Nockher WA, Schlumberger W, Satanovskij R, et al. Plasma uromodulin correlates with kidney function and identifies early stages in chronic kidney disease patients. Medicine. 2016;95(10):e3011. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003011, PMID 26962815

Liu KZ, Tian G, Ko AC, Geissler M, Brassard D, Veres T. Detection of renal biomarkers in chronic kidney disease using microfluidics: Progress, challenges and opportunities. Biomed Microdevices. 2020;22(2):29. doi: 10.1007/s10544-020-00484-6, PMID 32318839

Inker LA, Tighiouart H, Coresh J, Foster MC, Anderson AH, Beck GJ, et al. GFR estimation using β-trace protein and β2-microglobulin in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(1):40-8. doi: 10.1053/j. ajkd.2015.07.025, PMID 26362696

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2022 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145(8):e153-639. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052, PMID 35078371

Libby P, Buring JE, Badimon L, Hansson GK, Deanfield J, Bittencourt MS, et al. Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):56. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0106-z, PMID 31420554

Iacobellis G. Epicardial adipose tissue in contemporary cardiology. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(9):593-606. doi: 10.1038/s41569-022-00679-9, PMID 35296869

Si Y, Fan W, Sun L. A Review of the relationship between CTRP family and coronary artery disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020;22(6):22. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-00840-0, PMID 32468164

Krishnegowda A, Padmarajaiah N, Anantharaman S, Honnur K. Spectrophotometric assay of creatinine in human serum sample. Arab J Chem. 2017;10:S2018-24. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.030

Koziolek M, Mueller GA, Dihazi GH, Jung K, Altubar C, Wallbach M, et al. Urine E-cadherin: A marker for early detection of kidney injury in diabetic patients. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):639. doi: 10.3390/jcm9030639, PMID 32121033

Schrauben SJ, Jepson C, Hsu JY, Wilson FP, Zhang X, Lash JP, et al. Insulin resistance and chronic kidney disease progression, cardiovascular events, and death: Findings from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2019 Feb 20;20(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s12882-019-1220-6, PMID 30786864

Farhan LO, Abed BA, Dawood A. Comparison study between adipsin levels in sera of Iraqi patients with diabetes and neuropathy. Baghdad Sci J. 2023;20(3):23. doi: 10.21123/bsj.2022.7408

Wang G, Chen JJ, Deng WY, Ren K, Yin SH, Yu XH. CTRP12 ameliorates atherosclerosis by promoting cholesterol efflux and inhibiting inflammatory response via the miR-155-5p/LXRα pathway. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(3):254. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03544-8, PMID 33692340

Li J, Chen J, Lan HY, Tang Y. Role of C-reactive protein in kidney diseases. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2023;9(2):73-81. doi: 10.1159/000528693, PMID 37065607, PMCID PMC10090978

Messias BA, Botelho RV, Saad SS, Mocchetti ER, Turke KC, Waisberg J. Serum C-reactive protein is a useful marker to exclude anastomoticleakageaftercolorectalsurgery. SciRep. 2020 Feb 3;10(1):1687. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58780-3, PMID 32015374

O’Flynn J, van der Pol P, Dixon KO, Prohászka Z, Daha MR, van Kooten C. Monomeric C-reactive protein inhibits renal cell-directed complement activation mediated by properdin. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2016 Jun 1;310(11):F1308-16. doi: 10.1152/ ajprenal.00645.2014, PMID 26984957

Soriano S, González L, Martín-Malo A, Rodríguez M, Aljama P. C-reactive protein and low albumin are predictors of morbidity and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3-5 patients. Clin Nephrol. 2007 Jun;67(6):352-7. doi: 10.5414/cnp67352, PMID 17598370

Gao J, Wang A, Li X, Li J, Zhao H, Zhang J, et al. The cumulative exposure to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts the risk of chronic kidney diseases. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45(1):84-94. doi: 10.1159/000504251, PMID 31794962

Hung AM, Ikizler TA, Griffin MR, Glenn K, Greevy RA, Grijalva CG, et al. CRP polymorphisms and chronic kidney disease in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Med Genet. 2011 May 11;12:65. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-65, PMID 21569369

Li ZI, Chung AC, Zhou L, Huang XR, Liu F, Fu P, et al. C-reactive protein promotes acute renal inflammation and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy in mice. Lab Invest. 2011 Jun;91(6):837-51. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.42, PMID 21383672

Sedighi O, Abediankenari S. Relationship between plasma adiponectin level with inflammatory and metabolic markers in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrourol Mon. 2014;6(1):e11743. doi: 10.5812/ numonthly.11743, PMID 24719803

Kamimura MA, Canziani ME, Sanches FR, Velludo CM, Carrero JJ, Bazanelli AP, et al. Variations in adiponectin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: A prospective study of 12 months. J Bras Nefrol. 2012;34(3):259-65. doi: 10.5935/0101-2800.20120007, PMID 23099831

Heidari M, Nasri P, Nasri H. Adiponectin and chronic kidney disease; a review on recent findings. J Nephropharmacol. 2015 Jul 27;4(2):63-8. PMID 28197480, PMCID PMC5297487

Zoccali C. Cardiovascular risk in uraemic patients-is it fully explained by classical risk factors? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(4):454-7. doi: 10.1093/ndt/15.4.454, PMID 10727537

Martinez Cantarin MP, Waldman SA, Doria C, Frank AM, Maley WR, Ramirez CB, et al. The adipose tissue production of adiponectin is increased in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2013;83(3):487-94. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.421, PMID 23283133

Kir HM, Eraldemir C, Dervisoglu E, Caglayan C, Kalender B. Effects of chronic kidney disease and type of dialysis on serum levels of adiponectin, TNF-alpha and high sensitive C-reactive protein. Clin Lab. 2012;58(5-6):495-500. PMID 22783580

Elshamaa MF, Sabry SM, El-Sonbaty MM, Elghoroury EA, Emara N, Raafat M, et al. Adiponectin: An adipocyte-derived hormone, and its gene encoding in children with chronic kidney disease. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:174. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-174, PMID 22471989

Nakagawa N, Yao N, Hirayama T, Ishida M, Ishida H, Wada A, et al. Potential impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers on plasma high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in hemodialysis patients. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(5):592-8. doi: 10.1038/hr.2010.282, PMID 21289628

Toyama K, Sugiyama S, Oka H, Iwasaki Y, Sumida H, Tanaka T, et al. Statins combined with exercise are associated with the increased renal function mediated by high-molecular-weight adiponectin in coronary artery disease patients. J Cardiol. 2014;64(2):91-7. doi: 10.1016/j. jjcc.2013.11.018, PMID 24457019

Du J, Xu J, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang H. Reduced serum CTRP12 levels in type 2 diabetes are associated with renal dysfunction. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020 Dec;52(12):2321-7. doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02591-y [ePub]. PMID 32734505

Gokul M, Umarani G, Esakki A. Green synthesis and characterization of isolated flavonoid mediated copper nanoparticles by using Thespesia populnea Leaf extract and its evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activity. Int J Chem Res. Jan 2022;6(1):15-32. doi: 10.22159/ ijcr.2022v6i1.197

Sarkar S, Sadhu S, Roy R, Tarafdar S, Mukherjee N, Sil M, et al. Contemporary drifts in diabetes management. Int J Appl Pharm. 2023;15(2):1-9. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i2.46792

Kamalesh DR, Geetha KM. A review on role of markers in diabetes mellitus and associated micro and macrovascular complications. Int J Curr Pharm Res. Jan 2022;14(1):20-6. doi: 10.22159/ ijcpr.2022v14i1.44108

Dharani B, Sebastian S, Nazrin S, A. Preventing diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review of current pharmacological approaches. Int J Appl Pharm. 2025;17(1):68-81. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2025v17i1.52956

Singh RD, Rahul C, Hitendrapal S. Clinical assessment of antibiotics used in chronic kidney disease: A longitudinal observational study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. Oct 2024;16(10):26-9. doi: 10.22159/ ijpps.2024v16i10.52103

Fadaei R, Moradi N, Kazemi T, Chamani E, Azdaki N, Moezibady SA, et al. Decreased serum levels of CTRP12/adipolin in patients with coronary artery disease in relation to inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance. Cytokine. 2019;113:326-31. doi: 10.1016/j. cyto.2018.09.019, PMID 30337217