PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND TOXICITY OVERVIEW OF OLEANOLIC ACID ISOLATED FROM LANTANA CAMARA ROOTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2026v19i2.57375Keywords:
Oleanolic acid, Lantana camara, Pentacyclic triterpenoid, pharmacology, toxcity, mutagenicityAbstract
Several therapeutic plants contain oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid. Its drugs protect the liver, reduce inflammation, prevent diabetes, and fight cancer. Lantana camara roots are rich in OA, making them a promising medicine source. From 2000 to Up to present mid-2024, this study includes all published research on L. camara root OA, including phytochemical composition, pharmacological activity, toxicological evaluations, and mutagenicity assessments. We aggregated PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar data to find therapeutic relevance and safety margins. We thoroughly searched databases using relevant keywords. OA modulates oxidative stress pathways and detoxifying enzymes to protect the liver, and sub-chronic and acute toxicity studies in Wistar rats showed no mortality or adverse histopathological changes up to 2000 mg/kg. Ames tests showed its non-mutagenicity. However, insufficient clinical and chronic exposure investigations, poor water solubility, and bioavailability hinder translational applicability. The review finds that L. camara OA has promising lead phytotherapeutic potential, but more in vivo investigations and formulation improvements are needed to prove its efficacy and safety.
Downloads
References
1. Barton DH, De Mayo P. Triterpenoids. Part XV. The constitution of icterogenin, a physiologically active triterpenoid. J Chem Soc. 1954:887-900. doi: 10.1039/jr9540000887
2. Barua AK, Chakrabarti P, Basu K, Basak A, Chakravarti S, Banerjee SK. Triterpenoids XLII. Further studies on the structure of lantanolic acid. J Indian Chem Soc. 1975;52:1112-3.
3. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J Nat Prod. 2020;83(3):770-803. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285, PMID 32162523
4. Saxena M, Saxena J, Khare S. A brief review on: Therapeutic values of Lantana plant. Int J Pharm Life Sci (IJPLS). 2012 Mar;3(3):1551-4.
5. Iqbal M, Ali S, Bukhari N. Anti-inflammatory effects of Lantana camara leaf extracts in rheumatoid arthritis models. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:245-53.
6. Reddy S, Kumar A, Singh G. Hepatoprotective effects of Lantana camara in chronic liver diseases: A detailed study. Liver Int. 2023;43(4):1079-88.
7. Shibata S. Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. J Korean Med Sci. 2001;16 Suppl: S28-37. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S28, PMID 11748374
8. Choudhury P, Singh S, Sharma N. Antidiabetic activity of Lantana camara in hyperglycemic animal models. J Endocrinol Invest. 2023;46(6):1121-30.
9. Guo J, Huang M, Hou S, Yuan J, Chang X, Gao S, et al. Therapeutic potential of terpenoids in cancer treatment: Targeting mitochondrial pathways. Cancer Rep (Hoboken). 2024 Sep;7(9):e70006. doi: 10.1002/ cnr2.70006, PMID 39234662, PMCID PMC11375335.
10. Shanmugam MK, Dai X, Kumar AP, Tan BK, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Oleanolic acid and its synthetic derivatives for the prevention and therapy of cancer: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Cancer Lett. 2013;346(2):206-16. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.013
11. Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Vydra D, Hustová A, Kvasnica M, Biedermann D, et al. Pharmacological activities of natural triterpenoids and their therapeutic implications. Nat Prod Rep. 2006;23(3):394-411. doi: 10.1039/b515312n, PMID 16741586
12. Khan A, Khan S, Khan M. Oleanolic acid: A review on its pharmacological importance, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and analytical aspects. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2015;5(6):7-13. doi: 10.22270/jddt. v5i6.1161
13. Pollier J, Goossens A. Oleanolic acid. Phytochemistry. 2012;77:10-5. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.022, PMID 22377690
14. Shanmugam MK, Dai X, Kumar AP, Tan BK, Sethi G, Bishayee A, et al. Oleanolic acid and its synthetic derivatives for the prevention and therapy of cancer: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Cancer Lett. 2014 May 1;346(2):206-16. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.016
15. Guo Y, Han B, Luo K, Ren Z, Cai L, Sun L. NOX2-ROS-HIF-1α signaling is critical for the inhibitory effect of oleanolic acid on rectal cancer cell proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Jan;85:733-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.091
16. Wikipedia Contributors; 2024, December 22. Lantana camara. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=lantana_camara&oldid=1264560901
17. Mekala S, Kumar Naresh M, Das L, et al. Evaluation of wound-healing activity of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci (IJPPS). 2014;6(1):631-3.
18. Abdulla MA, Hassandarvish P, Ali HM, Noor SM, Mahmoud FH, Bashah NS, et al. Acceleration of wound healing potential by Lantana camara leaf extract in experimental rats. Res J Med Sci. 2009;3:75-9.
19. Ghisalberti EL. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Fitoterapia. 2000;71(5):467-86. doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00202-1, PMID 11449493
20. Kalita S, Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KV. A review on medicinal properties of Lantana camara Linn. Res J Pharm Tech. 2012 June;5(6):711-5.
21. Misra N, Sharma M, Raja K, Dangi A, Srivastava S, Bhattacharya SM. Chemical constituents and antifilarial activity of Lantana camara against human lymphatic filariid Brugia malayi and rodent filariid Acanthocheilonema viteae maintained in rodent hosts. Parasitol Res. 2006;100:439-48.
22. Sastri BN. The Wealth of India, Raw Materials. Vol. 6. New Delhi: Council of Scientic and Industrial Research; 1962.
23. Jannus F, Sainz J, Reyes-Zurita FJ. Principal bioactive properties of oleanolic acid, its derivatives, and analogues. Molecules. 2024;29(14):3291. doi: 10.3390/molecules29143291, PMID 39064870
24. Begum S, Zehra SQ, Siddiqui BS, Fayyaz S, Ramzan M. Triterpenoids from the roots of Lantana camara. Chem Pharm Bull. 2014;62(2):148-52. doi: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00663
25. Sousa EO, Almeida TS, Menezes IR, Rodrigues FF, Campus AR, Lima SG, et al. Chemical composition of essential oils of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and synergistic effect of the aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin. Rec Nat Prod. 2012;6:144-50.
26. Black H, Carter RG. Lantana poisoning of cattle and sheep in New Zealand. N Z Vet J. 1985;33(8):136-7. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1985.35197, PMID 16031191
27. Chopra RN, Badhwar RL, Ghosh S. Poisonous Plants of India. Vol. 11. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 1965. p. 698-9.
28. De Aluja AS. ‘Mal de playa’-Lantana camara poisoning in cattle. Vet Mex. 1970;1(4):7-13.
29. Da Silva FM, Couto ES. Experimental poisoning of cat tle by Lantana camara in the state of Pernambuco. Arquivos da es cola de Velerinaria. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. 1971;23:77-89.
30. Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Dawra RK. A review of the hepatotoxic plant Lantana camara. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;96(1-2):135-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.007
31. Asija R, Kumar V, Sharma AK. Hepatoprotective activity of Lantana camera against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wister rat. Int J Pharm Erud. 2015;4:1-7.
32. Barros LM, Duarte AE, Pansera Waczuk E, Roversi K, Da Cunha FA, Rolon M, et al. Safety assessment and antioxidant activity of lantana montevidensis leaves: Contribution to its phytochemical and pharmacological activity. EXCLI J. 2017;16:566-82. doi: 10.17179/ excli2017-163, PMID 28694758
33. Venkatadri R, Guha G, Kumar R, Lazar M. Evaluation of cytotoxic potential of Acorus calamus rhizome. Res Ethnobot Leaf. 2009;13(6):839.
34. Adama K, Adama B, Tamboura H, Amadou T, Laya S. In vitro anthelmintic effect of two medicinal plants (Anogeissusleiocarpus and Daniellia oliveri) on Haemon Chuscontortus, an Abosomal nematode of sheep in Burkina Faso. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009;4690:4695.
35. Wu P, Song Z, Wang X, Li Y, Li Y, Cui J, et al. Bioactive triterpenoids from Lantana camara showing anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Chem. 2020;101:104004. doi: 10.1016/j. bioorg.2020.104004, PMID 32629274
36. Bahadure RS, Bijwal DL, Sadekar RD, Mode SG. Efficacy of Tefroli in prevention of experimental lantana toxicity in calves. Indian J Vetmed. 1992;12:49-51.
37. OECD. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemical. Health Effects. Sec. 4. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2008. doi: 10.1787/9789264070843-en
38. Kosior MW, Krzaczek JT, Matysik G, Skalska A. HPTLC-densitometric method of determination of oleanolic acid in the Lamiialbios. J Sep Sci. 2005;28:2139-43.
39. Gupta N, Singh AT. Toxicological evaluation of oleanolic acid (pentacyclic triterpenoid) extracted from Lantana camara roots following oral exposure in Wistar rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2024 May;17(5):131-8. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2024.v17i5.49999
40. Patel D. A comprehensive review-: Toxicological effect of common drug and poison on human physiology and analytical detection techniques to detect in biological samples- using instrumentation chromatography, biosensors and nanotechnology. Int J Adv Res. 2024;12:949-57. doi: 10.21474/IJAR01/19715
41. ICH. Guidance on Genotoxicity Testing and Data Interpretation for Pharmaceuticals Intended for Human Use S2. Vol. R1. India: International Council for Harmonisation; 2011.
42. Mortelmans K, Zeiger E. The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat Res. 2000;455(1-2):29-60. doi: 10.1016/ S0027-5107(00)00064-6, PMID 11113466
43. Gupta N, Chandra S, Singh AT, Jaggi M. Characterization of lantana Camara Roots (pentacyclic triterpenoid) and mutagenicity testing of extracted oleanolic acid using Salmonella typhimurium. Arch Clin Med Microbiol. 2022;1(1):20-30.
44. Tsuchiya Y, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of oleanolic acid and hepatoprotective effects. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012;40(7):1513-9. doi: 10.1124/dmd.112.044313
45. Khan M, Ahmad S, Parveen R, et al. Phytochemical screening and medicinal properties of Lantana camara. Int J Creat Res Thoughts (IJCRT). 2020;8(6):123-30
46. Udayama M, Kinjo J, Nohara T. Triterpenoidal saponins from Baptisia australis. Phytochemistry. 1998;48(7):1233-5. doi: 10.1016/S0031- 9422(98)00162-9, PMID 9680727
47. Zhao G, Yan W, Cao D. Simultaneous determination of betulin and betulinic acid in white birch bark using RP-HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;43(3):959-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.026, PMID 17084057
48. Battase LD, Attarde DL. Phytochemical and medicinal study of Lantana camara linn. (Verbenaceae) - a review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021;14(9):20-7.
49. Vrouwe JP, Burggraaf J, Kloppenburg M, Stuurman FE. Challenges and opportunities of pharmacological interventions for osteoarthritis: A review of current clinical trials and developments. Osteoarthr Cartil Open. 2021;3(4):100212. doi: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2021.100212, PMID 36474768
50. Ayeleso TB, Matumba MG, Mukwevho E. Oleanolic acid and its derivatives: Biological activities and therapeutic potential in chronic diseases. Molecules. 2017 Nov 13;22(11):1915. doi: 10.3390/ molecules22111915.
51. Tiwari P, Krishanu S. Preliminary physico - phytochemical & phytocognostical evaluation of the leaves of Lantana camara. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2023;12(1):592-6.
52. Ekpenyong CE, Akpan EE, Daniel AE. Phytochemical constituents, therapeutic applications and toxicological pro le of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf (DC) leaf extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(1):133ļ141.
53. Ghosh A, Mehta P. Yield variability of oleanolic acid in Lantana camara: A renewable pharmaceutical source. J Med Plants Stud. 2020;15(1):87.
54. Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Dawra RK, Negi SS. A review of the toxicity of Lantana camara (Linn) in animals. Clin Toxicol. 1981;18(9):1077-94. doi: 10.3109/15563658108990337, PMID 7032835
55. Singh V, Agrawal M, Nagda RK, Sharma MC, Mordia A. A case study of Lantana camara poisoning in Sirohi goat. Int J Rec Sci Res. 2018;9:27953-5.
56. Gordon DR, Thomas DR. The spread of Lantana camara and its effects on biodiversity in tropical regions. Biol Conserv. 2002;106(2):257-70.
57. Dogra KS, Kohli RK, Sood SK. An assessment and impact of three invasive species in the Shivalik hills of Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J Biodivers Conserv. 2009;1(1):4-10.
58. Mungi NA, Qureshi Q, Jhala YV. Expanding niche and degrading forests: Key to the successful global invasion of Lantana camara (sensu lato). Glob Ecol Conserv. 2020;23:e01080. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020. e01080
59. Mahesh Kumar M, Suresh S. Antimicrobial activity of Lantana camara leaf and flower extracts. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(3):57-67. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16378
60. Deena MJ, Thoppil JE. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lantana camara. Fitoterapia. 2000;71(4):453-5. doi: 10.1016/S0367- 326X(00)00140-4, PMID 10925025
61. Thamotharan G, Sekar G, Ganesh T, Sen S, Chakraborty R, Senthil Kumar N. Antiulcerogenic effects of Lantana camara Linn. Leaves on in vivo test models in rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2010;3(3):57-60.
62. Hardur Ven A, Amrutanand T, Majumdar SP, Harish M. Application of Lantana camara flower extract as a natural coloring agent with preservative action. Asian J Biol Sci. 2020;13(4):361-9. doi: 10.3923/ ajbs.2020.361.369
63. Chopra RN, Nayar SI, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi; 1956.
64. Parsons WT, Cuthbertson EG. Common lantana. In: Noxious Weeds of Australia, Melbourne. Australia: CSIRO Publishing; 2001. p. 627-32.
65. Sharma S, Singh A, Sharma OP. An improved procedure for isolation and purification of lantadene A, the bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid from Lantana camara leaves. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 1999;21:686-8.
66. Sharma OP, Sharma PD. Natural products of the lantana plant-the present and prospects. J Sci Ind Res. 1989;48:471-8.
67. Dharmagada VS, Tandonb M, Vasudevan P. Biocidal activity of the essential oils of Lantana camara, Ocimum sanctum and, Tagetes patula. J Sci Ind Res. 2005;64:53-6.
68. Barreto FS, Sousa EO, Campos AR, Costa JG, Rodrigues FF. Antibacterial activity of Lantana camara Linn and Lantana montevidensis brig extracts from cariri-ceará, Brazil. J Young Pharm. 2010;2(1):42-4. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.62211, PMID 21331189
69. Verma RK, Verma SK. Phytochemical and termiticidal study of Lantana camara var. Aculeata leaves. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(6):466-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.05.014, PMID 16828240
70. Sousa EO, Almeida TS, Menezes IR, Rodrigues FF, Campus AR, Lima SG, et al. Chemical composition of essential oils of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and synergistic effect of the aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin. Rec Nat Prod. 2012;6:144-50.
71. Abeygunawardena C, Kumar V, Marshall DS, Thomson RH, Wickramaratne DB. Furanonaphthoquinones from two Lantana species. Phytochemistry. 1991;30(3):941-5. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(91)85284-7
72. Sathish R, Vyawahare B, Natarajan K. Antiulcerogenic activity of Lantana camara leaves on gastric and duodenal ulcers in experimental rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):195-7. doi: 10.1016/j. jep.2010.11.049, PMID 21129476
73. Khanna LS, Prakash R. Theory and Practice of Silvicultural Systems. Vol. 27. India: International Book Distributions; 1983. p. 400.
74. Gujral GS, Vasudevan P. Lantana camara L. A problem weed. J Sci Ind Res. 1983;42:281-6.
75. Millycent SA, John MK, Kelvin JK, Piero NM, Mwaniki NE. Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and toxic effects of Lantana camara L. Int J Phytopharmacol. 2017;8:89-97.
76. Jain S, Itoria P, Joshi A, Dubey BK. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation and antipyretic activity of leaves of Lantana camara Linn. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2011;2(8):270-80. doi: 10.7439/ijbar.v2i8.41
77. Pawar DP, Shamkumar PB. Formulation and evaluation of herbal gelcontaining Lantana camara leaves extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2013;6:122-4.
78. ESCOP. ESCOP Monographs. The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. European: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy; 2003.
79. Kapoor S, Singh J. Traditional uses and pharmacological profile of oleanolic acid from Indian medicinal plants. Indian J Nat Prod. 2004;20(3):45-52.
80. Rahman M, Siddiqui H, Alam M. Chromatographic purification strategies for triterpenoids from medicinal plants. Pharm Biol. 2017;55(1):1520-8.
81. Wang L, Yang B, Du X, Yi C, Xu Y. Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from apple peels by response surface methodology. Food Chem. 2010;116(2):585-91. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.064
82. Kumar V, Bhat ZA, Kumar D, Khan NA, Chashoo IA. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Lantana camara Linn.: A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2016;2(12):960-7. doi: 10.1016/S2221- 1691(13)60007-3
83. Shabir G, Anwar F, Sultana B, Khalid ZM, Afzal M, Khan QM, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and roots of Lantana camara Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2018;7(3):400-8. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2011.400.408
84. González-Burgos E, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Terpene compounds in nature: A review of their potential antioxidant activity. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(31):5319-41. doi: 10.2174/092986712803833335, PMID 22963623
85. Karuna T, Mani TT. Estimation of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid from Plumeria obtusa leaves by HPTLC method. Int J Curr Pharm Res (IJCPR). 2012;4;NG5:1-6.
86. Singh V, Rajput A, Tiwari R. Evaluation of chromatographic fractions of Lantana camara roots for triterpenoid purity. Asian J Chem. 2016;28(5):1030-6.
87. Raj S. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Lantana camara L., A majorinvasive species of Kerala, using different solvents. Ann Plant Sci. 2017;6(11):1794-8. doi: 10.21746/aps.2017.6.11.13
88. Vyas N, Argal A. Isolation and characterization of oleanolic acid from roots of Lantana camara. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2014;7:189-91.
89. Liang Z, Jiang Z, Fong DW, Zhao Z. Determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in Oldenlandia diffusa and its substitute using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Food Drug Anal. 2009;17:69-77.
90. Hitesh HS, Mayukh B, Mahesh AR. Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents of aerial parts of Lantana camara. Int J Pharm Res Biosci. 2012;1:198-207.
91. Jamal M, Amir M, Ali Z, Mujeeb M. A comparative study of the extraction methods and solvent selection for isolation, quantitative estimation, and validation of ursolic acid in the leaves of Lantana camara by HPTLC method. Future J Pharm Sci. 2018;4(2):229-33. doi: 10.1016/j.fjps.2018.07.002
92. Jaafar NS, Hamad MN, Alshammaa DA, Abd MR. Preliminary phytochemical screening and high-performance thin-layer chromatography detection of phenolic acids in Lantana camara leaves cultivated in Iraq. Int Res J Pharm. 2018;9(7):59-64. doi: 10.7897/2230-8407.097126
93. Venkatachalam T, Kumar V, Selvi P, Maske AO, Kumar N. Physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the Lantana camara L. Fruits. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3:52-4.
94. Anwar F, Shaheen N, Shabir G, Ashraf M, Alkharf MK, Gilani AH. Variation in Antioxidant Activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents in the flowers and leaves of Ghaneri (Lantana camara L.) as affected by different extraction solven. Int J Pharmacol. 2013;9(7):442-53. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2013.442.453
95. Mortada ME, Maher MH, Afaf AA, Heba A, Ezzat EA, Eman AM. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo (squash) extracts as well as GC-MS analysis of Lantana camara essential oils. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6:137-53.
96. Banik RM, Pandey DK. Optimizing conditions for oleanolic acid extraction from Lantana camara roots using response surface methodology. Ind Crops Prod. 2008;27(3):241-8. doi: 10.1016/j. indcrop.2007.09.004
97. Verma SC, Jain CL, Nigam S, Padhi MM. Rapid extraction, isolation, and quantification of oleanolic acid from Lantana camara L. Roots using microwave and HPLC-PDA techniques. Acta Chromatographica. 2013;25(1):181-99. doi: 10.1556/AChrom.25.2013.1.12
98. Dai Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Shi M, Wang B, Wang D, et al. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of ginsenosides. Metab Eng. 2013;20:146-56. doi: 10.1016/j. ymben.2013.10.004, PMID 24126082
99. Czarnotta E, Dianat M, Korf M, Granica F, Merz J, Maury J, et al. Fermentation and purification strategies for the production of betulinic acid and its lupane-type precursors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2017;114(11):2528-38. doi: 10.1002/bit.26377, PMID 28688186
100. Muniappan R, Reddy GV, Raman A. Lantana: Botany, Ecology, and Management. Berlin: Springer Science and Business Medicine; 2012.
101. Fayaz M, Hussain BM, Fayaz M, Kumar A, Kumar Jain A. Antifungal activity of Lantana camara L. Leaf extracts in different solvents against some pathogenic fungal strains. Pharmacologia. 2017;8(3):105-12. doi: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2017.105.112
102. Frankova A, Smid J, Bernardos A, Finkousova A, Marsik P, Novotny D, et al. The antifungal activity of essential oils in combination with warm air ow against postharvest phytopathogenic fungi in apples. Food Control. 2016;68:62ļ68.
103. Varaprasad Bobbarala PK, Chandrasekhar Naidu K. Antifungal activity of selected plant extracts against phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger F2723. Indian J Sci Technol. 2009 Apr;2(4):87-90. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i4.15
104. Podolak I, Galanty A, Sobolewska D. Saponins as cytotoxic agents: A review. Phytochem Rev. 2010;9(3):425-74.
105. Jesus JA, Lago JH, Laurenti MD, Yamamoto ES, Passero LF. Antimicrobial activity of oleanolic and ursolic acids: An update. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2015;2015:1-14.
106. Gupta S, Patel A, Singh M. Anticancer properties of Lantana camara in breast and prostate cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2023;91(3):355-67.
107. Ganjewala D, Sam S, Khan HK. Biochemical compositions and antibacterial activities of Lantana camara plants with yellow. Int J Pharm Ind Res. 2009;3:69-77.
108. Girme AS, Bhalke RD, Ghogare PB, Tambe VD, Jadhav RS, Nirmal SA. Comparative in vitro anthelmintic activity and methapiperita and lantana camara from Western India. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2006;5:5-7.
109. Günther A, Bednarczyk-Cwynar B. Oleanolic acid: A promising antioxidant-sources, mechanisms of action, therapeutic potential, and enhancement of bioactivity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14(5):598. doi: 10.3390/antiox14050598, PMID 40427479
110. Verma N, Raghuvanshi DS, Singh RV. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of oleanolic acid and its derivatives. Eur J Med Chem. 2024;276:116619. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116619, PMID 38981335
111. Yang YH, Dai SY, Deng FH, Peng LH, Li C, Pei YH. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry of oleanolic acid derivatives. Phytochemistry. 2022;203:113397. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113397, PMID 36029846
112. Wang L, Geng J, Wang H. Delivery of oleanolic acid with improved antifibrosis efficacy by a cell penetrating peptide P10. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2023;6(7):1006-14. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00087, PMID 37470025
113. García-González A, Espinosa-Cabello JM, Cerrillo I, Montero-Romero E, Rivas-Melo JJ, Romero-Báez A et al. Bioavailability and systemic transport of oleanolic acid in humans, formulated as a functional olive oil. Food Funct. 2023;14(21):9681-94. doi: 10.1039/d3fo02725b, PMID 37812020
114. Luo Q, Wei Y, Lv X, Chen W, Yang D, Tuo Q. The effect and mechanism of oleanolic acid in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular diseases. Molecules. 2024;29(4):758. doi: 10.3390/molecules29040758, PMID 38398510
115. Schiavoni V, Di Crescenzo T, Membrino V, Alia S, Fantone S, Salvolini E, et al. Bardoxolone methyl: A comprehensive review of its role as a Nrf2 activator in anticancer therapeutic applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(7):966. doi: 10.3390/ph18070966, PMID 40732256
116. Lu YF, Wan XL, Xu Y, Liu J. Repeated oral administration of oleanolic acid produces cholestatic liver injury in mice. Molecules. 2013;18:3060-71. doi: 10.3390/molecules18033060
117. Feng H, Wu YQ, Xu YS, Wang KX, Qin XM, Lu YF, et al. LC-MS-based metabolomic study of oleanolic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:747. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00747
118. Chai J, Du X, Chen S, Feng X, Cheng Y, Zhang L, et al. Oral administration of oleanolic acid, isolated from Swertia mussotii Franch, attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and cholestasis in bile duct-ligated rats. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Feb 15;8(2):1691-702. 119. Hwang YJ, Song J, Kim HR, Hwang KA. Oleanolic acid regulates NF- κB signaling by suppressing MafK expression in RAW 264.7 cells. BMB Rep. 2014 Sep;47(9):524-9. doi: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.9.149
120. Alqahtani A, Hamid K, Kam A, Wong KH, Abdelhak Z, Razmovski- Naumovski V, et al. The pentacyclic triterpenoids in herbal medicines and their pharmacological activities in diabetes and diabetic complications. Curr Med Chem. 2013;20(7):908-31.
121. Chuan O, Xuan MA, Jiali Z, Yumei L, Hongyang KE, Qinghua L, et al. Protective effect of oleanolic acid on liver injury induced by acute exposure to mercury chloride and its possible mechanism. J Environ Occup Med. 2022;39(11):1298-303. doi: 10.11836/JEOM22169
122. Uppal RP, Paul BS. Haematological changes in experi mental lantana poisoning in sheep. Indian Vet J. 1982;59:18-24.
123. Musto G, Laurenzi V, Annunziata G, Novellino E, Stornaiuolo M. Genotoxic assessment of nutraceuticals obtained from agricultural biowaste: Where do we “AMES”? Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(6):1197. doi: 10.3390/antiox11061197, PMID 35740094
124. Pan D, Qu Y, Shi C, Xu C, Zhang J, Du H, et al. Oleanolic acid and its analogues: Promising therapeutics for kidney disease. Chin Med. 2024;19(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-00934-w, PMID 38816880
125. Feng H, Hu Y, Zhou S, Lu Y. Farnesoid X receptor contributes to oleanolic acid-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. J Appl Toxicol. 2022;42(8):1323-36. doi: 10.1002/jat.4298, PMID 35128688
126. Saini V, Debnath SK, Maske P, Dighe V, Srivastava R. Targeted delivery of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid to lungs in the form of an inhaler for the management of tuberculosis: Pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessment. PLOS One. 2022;17(12):e0278103. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0278103, PMID 36580459
127. Tu J, Kang M, Zhao Q, Xue C, Bi C, Dong N. Oleanolic acid improves antioxidant capacity and the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the intestine of broilers. Poult Sci. 2024;103(12):104340. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104340, PMID 39520757
128. Wasim M, Bergonzi MC. Unlocking the potential of oleanolic acid: Integrating pharmacological insights and advancements in delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(6):692. doi: 10.3390/ pharmaceutics16060692, PMID 38931816
129. Triaa N, Znati M, Ben Jannet H, Bouajila J. Biological activities of novel oleanolic acid derivatives from bioconversion and semi-synthesis. Molecules. 2024;29(13):3091. doi: 10.3390/molecules29133091, PMID 38999041
130. Nangaku M, Takama H, Ichikawa T, Mukai K, Kojima M, Suzuki Y et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of Bardoxolone methyl in patients with diabetic kidney disease: Design and baseline characteristics of the AYAME study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38(5):1204-16. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfac242, PMID 36002026
131. De Mello FB, Jacobus D, De Carvalho KC, De Mello JR. Effects of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) on rat fertility. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003;45(1):20-3. PMID 12583691
132. Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J. Toxicity of Lantana species in livestock. Aust Vet J. 1977;53(10):495-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977. tb05475.x
133. Chen J, Li WL, Wu JL, Ren BR, Zhang HQ. Euscaphic acid, a new hypoglycemic natural product from Folium Eriobotryae. Pharmazie. 2008;63(10):765-7.
134. Grace-Lynn C, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Jothy SL, Vijayarathna S, et al. Evaluation of the hepatoprotective Effects of Lantadene A, a pentacyclic triterpenoid of Lantana plants against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Molecules. 2012 Nov 23;17(12):13937-47. doi: 10.3390/molecules171213937
135. Günther A, Bednarczyk-Cwynar B. Oleanolic acid: A promising antioxidant-sources, mechanisms of action, therapeutic potential, and enhancement of bioactivity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 May 16;14(5):598. doi: 10.3390/antiox14050598, PMID 40427479, PMCID PMC12108409
136. Nyarko AK, Addy ME. Toxicity and safety of triterpenoids including oleanolic acid. Phytother Res. 1990;4:101-6.
137. Sen A. Prophylactic and therapeutic roles of oleanolic acid and its derivatives in several diseases. World J Clin Cases. 2020 May 26;8(10):1767-92. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i10.1767, PMID 32518769, PMCID PMC7262697
138. Tian Z, Jia H, Jin Y, Wang M, Kou J, Wang C, et al. Chrysanthemum extract attenuates hepatotoxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. Food Nutr Res. 2019 Apr 15;63. doi: 10.29219/fnr. v63.1667, PMID 31024225, PMCID PMC6475127
139. ESCOP Monographs. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. London: ESCOP Monographs; 2003.
140. WHO. WHO Phytochemical Safety Review. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
141. El-Banna AA, Darwish RS, Ghareeb DA, Yassin AM, Abdulmalek SA, Dawood HM. Metabolic profiling of Lantana camara L. using UPLC-MS/MS and revealing its inflammation-related targets using network pharmacology-based and molecular docking analyses. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):14828. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19137-0, PMID 36050423
142. Ben Othman KB, Maaloul N, Nhidi S, Cherif MM, Idoudi S, Elfalleh W. Phytochemical profiles, in vitro antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory activities of flowers and leaves of Lantana camara L. Grown in South of Tunisia. Period Polytech Chem Eng. 2024;68(1):72-84. doi: 10.3311/PPch.22159
143. Odun-Ayo F, Chetty K, Reddy L. Determination of the ursolic and oleanolic acids content with the antioxidant capacity in apple peel extract of various cultivars. Braz J Biol. 2022;82:e258442. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.258442, PMID 35766779
144. Kedar KA, Pawar KT, Chaudhari PD, Chaudhari SR. Pharmacognostic, phytochemical evaluation and comparative antimicrobial activity of Lantana camara (L.) var. aculeate (L) mold. (Verbenaceae). J Pharm Res. 2012;5:4125-6.
145. De Zeeuw D, Akizawa T, Audhya P, Bakris GL, Chin M, Christ-Schmidt H, et al. Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(26):2492-503. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306033, PMID 24206459
146. Day MD, Wiley CJ, Playford J, Zalucki MP. Lantana: Current Management Status and Future Prospects. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research; 2003.
147. Similie D, Minda D, Bora L, Kroškins V, Lugiņina J, Turks M, et al. An update on pentacyclic triterpenoids ursolic and oleanolic acids and related derivatives as anticancer candidates. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13(8):952. doi: 10.3390/antiox13080952, PMID 39199198
148. Spaggiari C, Annunziato G, Costantino G. Ursolic and oleanolic acids: Two natural triterpenoids targeting antibacterial multidrug tolerance and biofilm formation. Front Nat Prod. 2024;3:1456361. doi: 10.3389/ fntpr.2024.1456361
149. Rafiee P, Rasaei N, Amini MR, Rabiee R, Kalantar Z, Sheikhhossein F, et al. The effects of ursolic acid on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Cardiol. 2024;20(3):151-61. doi: 10.1080/14796678.2024.2349476, PMID 38923885
150. Tian C, Li J, Bao Y, Gao L, Song L, Li K, et al. Ursolic acid ameliorates obesity of mice fed with high-fat diet via alteration of gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1183598. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1183598, PMID 37485499
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Navika Gupta, SUMER SINGH, ANU T. SINGH, MANU JAGGI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.