ASSESSING THE ROLE OF VILANTEROL ON ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS USING ANIMAL MODELS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2026v19i3.57563Keywords:
Vilanterol, Inflammation, paw oedema, granuloma pouch, Wistar rats, Bronchodilator.Abstract
Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Vilanterol on inflammatory responses using acute and chronic model of inflammation in Wistar rats.
Methods: Male and female Wistar rats (150–200 g) were acclimatized and assigned into control and treatment groups. In the acute inflammation model, carrageenan 0.1 mL of 1% solution was injected subcutaneously into the left hind paw 60 min after the drug administration. Volume of the paw was monitored at regular intervals up to 24 h using a digital plethysmometer. For chronic inflammation, sterile cotton pellets (50±1 mg) were surgically placed subcutaneously in the scapular region. Animals received daily treatment for further 7 days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and pellets were excised to measure wet and dry weights to assess granuloma formation and change in weight.
Results: In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, a significant reduction in paw volume was observed in the Vilanterol and Salmeterol-treated groups (p<0.001). In the chronic model of inflammation, a significant (p<0.001) decrease in granuloma weight was noted in animals treated with Vilanterol. Biochemical analysis of blood samples further supported anti-inflammatory action with reductions in proinflammatory markers.
Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of vilanterol was evident in both acute and chronic models. These findings suggest the potential role vilanterol against inflammation, along with its known bronchodilator effects.
Downloads
References
1. Jehan Peerzada K. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An update on therapeutics and pathophysiological understanding. In: Rayees S, Din I, Singh G, Malik FA, editors. Chronic Lung Diseases: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Singapore: Springer; 2020. p. 157-80. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-3734-9_8
2. Bhaumik U, Sommer SJ, Lockridge R, Penzias R, Nethersole S, Woods ER. Community asthma initiative: Cost analyses using claims data from a Medicaid managed care organization. J Asthma. 2020;57(3):286-94. doi: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1565825, PMID 30663906
3. Chen X, Shang Y, Shen D, Shi S, Wen Z, Li L, et al. Potential drug targets for asthma identified through Mendelian randomization analysis. Respir Res. 2025;26(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s12931-024-03086- 5, PMID 39806440
4. Patil PN, Khan Z. Risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and management outcomes in pediatric asthma (ages 1-12 years): A prospective cohort study aligned with the GINA guidelines. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2025;18(6):197-200. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2025v18i6.54354
5. Burkes RM, Panos RJ. Ultra long-acting β-agonists in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Exp Pharmacol. 2020;12:589-602. doi: 10.2147/jep.s259328, PMID 33364854
6. Dai X, Feng T, Zhang X, Li K. Budesonide/Fomoterol in combination with montelukast in the treatment of Bronchial Asthma. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1688-92. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.7.2018, PMID 33235598
7. Ashraf MN, Khan MA, Imran M, Fazal I, Hassan Z, Alam L. Comparison of efficacy of nebulized salbutamol with salbutamol/ ipratropium combination in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2023;73 Suppl 1:S36-9. doi: 10.51253/pafmj.v73isuppl-1.2430
8. Muro S, Kawayama T, Sugiura H, Seki M, Duncan EA, Bowen K, et al. Benefits of budesonide/glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate on lung function and exacerbations of COPD: A post-hoc analysis of the KRONOS study by blood eosinophil level and exacerbation history. Respir Res. 2024;25(1):297. doi: 10.1186/s12931-024-02918-8, PMID 39103901
9. Singh D, Higham A, Mathioudakis AG, Beech A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Developments in pharmacological treatments. Drugs. 2025;85(7):911-30. doi: 10.1007/s40265-025- 02188-8, PMID 40392521
10. Singla A, Reuter S, Taube C, Peters M, Peters K. The molecular mechanisms of remodeling in asthma, COPD and IPF with a special emphasis on the complex role of Wnt5A. Inflamm Res. 2023;72(3):577-88. doi: 10.1007/s00011-023-01692-5, PMID 36658268
11. Huang WC, Cheng WC, Chen CY, Liao WC, Wu BR, Chen WC, et al. Comparison of budesonide/formoterol versus fluticasone furoate/vilanterol as maintenance and reliever therapy for asthma control: A real-world observational study. BMC Pulm Med. 2024;24(1):374. doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-03190-8, PMID 39085818
12. Proudman RG, Baker JG. A comparison of the molecular pharmacological properties of current short, long, and ultra-long-acting β2-agonists used for asthma and COPD. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2025;13(5):e70154. doi: 10.1002/prp2.70154, PMID 40887869
13. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Reaction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide with thiobarbituric acid. J Lipid Res. 1978;19(8):1053-7. doi: 10.1016/ s0022-2275(20)40690-x, PMID 103988
14. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70-7. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6, PMID 13650640
15. Varsha CN, Meghana BP, Balasubramanian T, Sinchana DM, Tejas SU. An updated review on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees. Int J Pharmacogn. 2025;12(2):94-9. doi: 10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.ijp.12(2).94-9916. Patil M, Patel P. Liposomal dry powder inhaler: Novel pulmonary targeted drug delivery system for the treatment of lung cancer. Int J Appl Pharm. 2023;15(1):1-12. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i1.46611
17. Singhal T, Chansoria A, Kothari S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of docosahexaenoic acid on carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2020;9(5):718-21. doi: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20201745
18. Andrie M, Taurina W. Nanoencapsulation of ethanol extract of papaya leaf (Carica papaya linn.) using chitosan and testing its effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory. Int J Appl Pharm. 2024;16(2):264-71. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2024v16i2.49992
19. El Awady ME, Mohamed SS, Abo Elsoud MM, Mahmoud MG, Anwar MM, Ahmed MM, et al. Insight into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of marine bacterial natural exopolysaccharide (EPSSM) using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5113. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53502-5, PMID 38429312
20. Jude J, Karmacharya N, Sherpa RT, O’Riordan TG, Koziol-White CJ, Panettieri RA Jr. Long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) with a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA) promotes human airway smooth muscle (HASM) relaxation and circumvents β2 adrenergic receptor tachyphylaxis. Respir Res. 2025;27(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12931- 025-03427-y, PMID 41340126
21. Hasan MA, Sheherin S, Hossain Sardar MA, Amin MR, Habib MA, Ahamed F. Comparison of bronchodilator response of nebulized salbutamol with nebulized salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in patients with acute exacerbation of advanced COPD. TAJ J Teach Assoc. 2022;34(2):56-63. doi: 10.3329/taj.v34i2.58556
22. Kumar P, Singh S, Sharma A. Anti-inflammatory activity of plant extract using cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. J Tradit Complement Med. 2022;12(2):134-41.
23. Singh D, Bafadhel M, Arya N, Marshall J, Parikh H, Kisielewicz D, et al. Step up to triple therapy versus switch to dual bronchodilator therapy in patients with COPD on an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2- agonist: Post-hoc analyses of KRONOS. Respir Res. 2025;26(1):175. doi: 10.1186/s12931-025-03234-5, PMID 40340809
24. Barnes PJ. Scientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting β2-agonists and corticosteroids. European Respiratory Journal 2002;19(1):182-91.
25. Albano GD, Gagliardo RP, Montalbano AM, Profita M. Overview of the mechanisms of oxidative stress: Impact in inflammation of the airway diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(11):2237. doi: 10.3390/ antiox11112237, PMID 36421423
26. Hs V, Hv S, Illuri R, Viwithan KS. Viwithan: A standardized Ashwagandha extract ameliorates ovalbumininduced airway-inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse model. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021;14(3):89-93. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i3.40119
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Jayshree Dawane, Arya Kolte
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.