DESIGN CHARACTERIZATION OPTIMIZATION OF LENALIDOMIDE-LOADED BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN NANOPARTICLES FOR MYELOMA THERAPY

SAMEENA BEGUM; NIRANJAN PANDA; CH. PRAVEENA

doi:10.22159/ijap.2026v18i1.55623

Authors

SAMEENA BEGUM Department of Pharmacy, Chaitanya Deemed to be University, Warangal-506001, Telangana https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5148-1241
NIRANJAN PANDA School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, 24 Parganas (South), West Bengal-743368, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1821-7326
CH. PRAVEENA Department of Pharmacy, Chaitanya Deemed to be University, Warangal-506001, Telangana, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i1.55623

Keywords:

BSA, Nanoparticle, Myeloma, Optimization, Lenalidomide

Abstract

Objective: The present investigation focuses on the formulation and optimization of lenalidomide (LD)-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) using the desolvation method. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented to optimize the formulation.

Methods: The desolvation technique was employed to synthesize BSA-NPs encapsulating LD and characterized by particle size analysis, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

Results: The findings confirmed that the uniform spherical NPs were formed below 200 nm. Particle size found in the range of 110.9±13.02nm to 182.8±10.33nm, entrapment efficiency (EE) found between 60.1±9.01% and 94.80±9.14% and zeta potential-15.3±0.21mV to -29.7 ±0.12mV. A sudden burst release of approximately 55.68% was observed within 4 hours from optimized LD BSA NPs (Opt-LD-BSA-NPs), followed by a slower release over 24 hours. In vitro, cytotoxicity assays demonstrated selective toxicity against U266 cancer cells. The Opt-LD-BSA-NPs exhibited a significantly lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.70%, indicating enhanced cytotoxic efficacy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses indicated successful drug entrapment and a transition of LD from a crystalline to an amorphous form. The area under curve (AUC) for Opt-LD-BSA-NPs was found to be 22.47 µg/ml/hr, which is 3 times more than the pure LD suspension (6.3025 µg/ml/hr). It revealed enhanced bioavailability.

Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of BSA-based nanocarriers to enhance the solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of hydrophobic anticancer agents, such as LD.

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