NANOPARTICLE PREPARATION OF SNAKEHEAD FISH EXTRACT (CHANNA STRIATA) BY IONIC GELATION METHOD USING CHITOSAN AS POLYMER

MOHAMAD ANDRIE; WINTARI TAURINA

doi:10.22159/ijap.2025v17i4.53876

Authors

MOHAMAD ANDRIE Departement of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7167-7878
WINTARI TAURINA Departement of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8930-4188

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025v17i4.53876

Keywords:

Albumin, Snakehead fish extract, Nanoparticles, Ionic gelation, Chitosan

Abstract

Objective: Snakehead fish extract has high protein content, including albumin, which plays a role in accelerating wound healing. However, snakehead fish extract has low stability and a large particle size. The aim of this study is to develop nanoparticles that can increase bioavailability, solubility, particle surface area, and improve the diffusion, penetration, and stability of the active compounds.

Methods: This study aims to formulate snakehead fish extract nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method. The polymers used were chitosan at concentrations of 0.02% (F1) and 0.01% (F2), with Na-TPP 0.01% serving as the cross-linking agent. Nanoparticles were formed through ionic gelation, stirring with a magnetic stirrer at 1500 rpm for 2 h followed by sonication for 2 h and converted into nanoparticle powder by the freeze-drying method. Both formulas of nanoparticles of snakehead fish extract were characterized by visual observation, %Transmittance, Particle size, polydispersity index. The optimum formula will be continued with Zeta potential testing, Scanning electron microscope and %Adsorption efficiency.

Results: The characteristics of nanoparticles differ between F1 and F2. In F1, the nanoparticles exhibited an average transmittance of 94.447%, a particle size of 3791.8 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.785. Meanwhile, the nanoparticles in F2 had an average transmittance of 98.028%, a particle size of 683.6 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.528. Statistical test results confirmed a significant difference between the two formulations (p<0.05). The concentration of chitosan affects the characteristics of the nanoparticles produced. A high concentration of chitosan causes the particles to become non-uniform and increases the potential for aggregation and precipitation. F2 was determined to be the optimum formula for the preparation of snakehead fish extract nanoparticles, achieving an average entrapment efficiency of 91.87%, a zeta potential of+10.46 nm, and a particle morphology, observed at 10.000x magnification, resembling wrinkled particles with the presence of aggregates.

Conclusion: Snakehead fish extract nanoparticles with a 0.01% chitosan concentration exhibited the best nanoparticle characteristics. Observations for 7 d showed that few floating particles, the solution looks a bit cloudy and gives off a distinctive fishy odor. The % transmittance averaged 98.028%, while the particle size measured 68.6 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.528. The zeta potential was recorded at+10.46 mV, and the entrapment efficiency reached 91.87%. At 10,000x magnification, the particle morphology appeared wrinkled, with a resemblance to particulate structures and the presence of aggregates in the nanoparticles.

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