ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM L. GRIFF
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025.v17s1.03Keywords:
Endophytic fungi, Graptophyllum pictum, Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxic activityAbstract
Objective: Endophytic fungus secondary metabolites often demonstrate potential pharmacological activity against various diseases. This study aims to isolate fungi from Graptophyllum pictum and test for its antibacterial and cytotoxic activity.
Methods: Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), a common fungus culture medium, was utilised. The streak plate method was used to isolate fungi. Each pure fungal isolate was grown on rice media for 4-8 w at room temperature before being extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract of all isolated fungi was tested for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes Staphylococcus aureus (SA) ATCC 2592 and Escherichia coli (EC) ATCC 25922 using the disk diffusion method. Each extract was further screened for cytotoxic activity using the BSLT method using shrimp larvae of Artemia salina.
Results: Six pure fungal isolates were successfully obtained from G. pictum. Only two isolated fungi showed antimicrobial activity. WD1 and WD2 showed antimicrobial activity against SA with a diameter of inhibition zone 13.90 mm±0.56; 13.92 mm±0.83 and EC, 11.97 mm±0.22; 11.86±0.18, respectively. Based on the screening cytotoxic result, LC50 values from each extract WD1, WD2 and WA2 were toxic against Artemisia salina l with an LC50 value of less than 200 ppm. Microscopic identification showed that WD1 was Fusarium sp, and WD2 and WA2 was Aspergillus sp.
Results: These findings suggest that two fungi isolated from G. pictum have substantial antibacterial and cytotoxic properties.
References
Strobel G. The emergence of endophytic microbes and their biological promise. J Fungi (Basel). 2018;4(2):57. doi: 10.3390/jof4020057, PMID 29772685.
Raiana SG, Juliana GC, Rosiane RM, Barbara NB, Rafael LO, Patricia MA. Biological activity and production of metabolites from Amazon endophytic fungi. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2020;14(2):85-93. doi: 10.5897/AJMR2019.9207.
Omomowo IO, Amao JA, Abubakar A, Ogundola AF, Ezediuno LO, Bamigboye CO. A review on the trends of endophytic fungi bioactivities. Sci Afr. 2023;20:e01594. doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01594.
Strobel GA. Endophytes as sources of bioactive products. Microbes Infect. 2003;5(6):535-44. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00073-x, PMID 12758283.
dos Banhos EF, de Souza AQ, de Andrade JC, de Souza AD, Koolen HH, Albuquerque PM. Endophytic fungi from Myrcia guianensis at the Brazilian Amazon: distribution and bioactivity. Braz J Microbiol. 2014;45(1):153-61. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822014005000027, PMID 24948926.
Gouda S, Das G, Sen SK, Shin HS, Patra JK. Endophytes: a treasure house of bioactive compounds of medicinal importance. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1538. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01538, PMID 27746767.
Handayani D, Mulia P, Andayani R, Wahyuni FS, Ariantari NP. Secondary metabolite from mangrove endophytic fungus Fusarium proliferatum AED3. Rasayan J Chem. 2021;2021:150-5. doi: 10.31788/RJC.2021.1456447.
Batista BN, Matias RR, Oliveira RL, Albuquerque PM. Hydrolytic enzyme production from açai palm (Euterpe precatoria) endophytic fungi and characterization of the amylolytic and cellulolytic extracts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Feb 6;38(2):30. doi: 10.1007/s11274-021-03217-w, PMID 34989888.
Gurgel RS, de Melo Pereira Di, Garcia AV, Fernandes de Souza AT, Mendes da Silva T, de Andrade CP. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of endophytic fungi associated with Arrabidaea chica (Bignoniaceae). J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(8):864. doi: 10.3390/jof9080864, PMID 37623634.
Handayani D, Aminah I, Pontana Putra P, Eka Putra A, Arbain D, Satriawan H. The depsidones from marine sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus unguis IB151 as an anti-MRSA agent: molecular docking, pharmacokinetics analysis, and molecular dynamic simulation studies. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(9):101744. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101744, PMID 37649676.
Kusumawati I, Rullyansyah S, Rohmania RAF, Rizka AF, Hestianah EP, Matsunami K. Histomorphometric study of ethanolic extract of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff. leaves on croton oil-induced hemorrhoid mice: a javanese traditional anti-hemorrhoid herb. J Ethnopharmacol. Feb 10 2022;284:114765. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114765, PMID 34688799.
Makkiyah F, Rahmi EP, Revina R, Susantiningsih T, Setyaningsih Y. Graptophyllum pictum (l.) griff. (Syn: justicia picta Linn.) and its effectiveness: a well-known Indonesian plant. Pharmacogn J. 2021;13(3):835-8. doi: 10.5530/pj.2021.13.106.
Fadiji AE, Babalola OO. Elucidating mechanisms of endophytes used in plant protection and other bioactivities with multifunctional prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8(May):467. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00467, PMID 32500068.
Goswami M, Ojha A, Mehra M. A narrative literature review on phytopharmacology of a caricature plant: Graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.). APJHS. 2021;8(3):44-7. doi: 10.21276/apjhs.2021.8.3.10.
Ozaki Y, Sekita S, Soedigdo S, Harada M. Antiinflammatory effect of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff. Chem Pharm Bull. 1989;37(10):2799-802. doi: 10.1248/cpb.37.2799.
Singh P, Khosa RL, Mishra G, Jha KK. Pharmacognostical evaluation of aerial parts of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.): a well-known folklore medicinal plant. Anc Sci Life. 2015;34(4):223-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.160868, PMID 26283808.
Kusumawati I, Rullyansyah S, Rohmania RAF, Rizka AF, Hestianah EP. Histomorphometric study of ethanolic extract of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. leaves on croton oil-induced hemorrhoid mice: a Javanese traditional anti-hemorrhoid herb. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;284:114765. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114765, PMID 34688799.
Kjer J, Debbab A, Aly AH, Proksch P. Methods for isolation of marine-derived endophytic fungi and their bioactive secondary products. Nat Protoc. 2010 Mar;5(3):479-90. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2009.233, PMID 20203665.
Handayani D, Artasasta MA, Mutia D, Atikah N, Rustini TTE. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities screening of fungal secondary metabolites isolated from marine sponge callyspongia sp. AACL Bioflux. 2021;14(1):249-58.
Zabidi AR, Mohd Razif MA, Ismail SN, Sempo MW, Yahaya N. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in ‘beluntas’ (Pluchea indica), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and their mixtures. Sains Malays. 2020 Jun 30;49(6):1293-302. doi: 10.17576/jsm-2020-4906-07.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical. In: Guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1987.
Kwon Chung KJ. Aspergillus: diagnosis and description of the genus. In: Vanden Bossche H, Mackenzie DW, Cauwenbergh G, editors. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis Internet. US. Berlin: Springer; 1988. p. 11-21. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-3505-2_2.
Suryanarayanan TS. Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation. Fungal Ecol. 2013 Dec;6(6):561-8. doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007.
Dos Santos IP, da Silva LC, da Silva MV, de Araújo JM, Cavalcanti VL, Lima VL. Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from leaves of Indigofera suffruticosa Miller (Fabaceae). Front Microbiol. 2015 May 7;6:350. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00350, PMID 25999918.
Tchuente Djoko C, Tamfu AN, Nyemb JN, Toko Feunaing R, Laurent S, Henoumont C. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of isolated compounds and semisynthetic derivative from aerial parts of Erythrina senegalensis DC. Nat Prod Res. 2023 Jan 17;37(23):3994-4003. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2167205.
Goswami M, Ojha A, Mehra M. A narrative literature review on phytopharmacology of a caricature plant: Graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.). APJHS. 2021 Jul 16;8(3):44-7. doi: 10.21276/apjhs.2021.8.3.10.
da Silva AA, Polonio JC, Bulla AM, Polli AD, Castro JC, Soares LC. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungus Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (MGN23-3) associated to Morus nigra L. Nat Prod Res. 2022;36(12):3158-62. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1947272, PMID 34227409.
Bhore SJ, Ravichantar N, Loh CY. Screening of endophytic bacteria isolated from leaves of sambung nyawa [Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.] for cytokinin-like compounds. Bioinformation. 2010 Nov 1;5(5):191-7. doi: 10.6026/97320630005191, PMID 21364796.
Chandra P, Sharma RK, Arora DS. Antioxidant compounds from microbial sources: a review. Food Res Int. 2020 Mar;129:108849. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108849. PMID 32036890.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 ARIED ERIADI, ANZHARNI FAJRINA, CANTIKA RORA PUTRI, FITRI RACHMAINI, RAHMAD ABDILLAH
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
