3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BIORELEVANT IN VITRO MODEL OF THE NASAL CAVITY: NEW STEP OF INTRANASAL DRUGS QUALITY ASSESSMENT

IOSIF MIKHEL; ELENA BAKHRUSHINA; SALMA ABUELEZ; KSENIYA EREMEEVA; XI YANG; VALERIY SVISTUSHKIN; OLGA I. STEPANOVA; IVAN I. KRASNYUK JR.; GLEB ZHEMERIKIN; IVAN I. KRASNYUK

doi:10.22159/ijap.2025v17i4.54101

Authors

IOSIF MIKHEL Department of Pharmaceutical Technology A. P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2866-0049
ELENA BAKHRUSHINA Department of Pharmaceutical Technology A. P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-0346
SALMA ABUELEZ I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
KSENIYA EREMEEVA Department for Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases N. V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7071-2415
XI YANG Department for Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases N. V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2630-7045
VALERIY SVISTUSHKIN Department for Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases N. V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
OLGA I. STEPANOVA Department of Pharmacology A. P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
IVAN I. KRASNYUK JR. Head of Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry A. P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
GLEB ZHEMERIKIN Department of Faculty Surgery No.1 N. V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
IVAN I. KRASNYUK Head of Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A. P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025v17i4.54101

Keywords:

3D printing technology, Biorelevant model, Nasal cavity, in vitro studies, Biomedical Application, 3D model, Nasal airflow

Abstract

The intranasal route has been a subject of exploration for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients across a wide range of chemical classes and pharmacological categories. Notwithstanding its therapeutic potential, the anatomical intricacy and physiological variability of the nasal cavity pose significant challenges to the precise evaluation of drug delivery. To address these challenges, in vitro studies employing anatomically and functionally relevant 3D models have become imperative. Advances in 3D printing technologies have enabled the creation of precise and reproducible nasal cavity replicas, which can support drug characterization, particularly in evaluating drug deposition patterns and predicting bioavailability.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art methods and materials employed in 3D printing of nasal cavity models. Presently, the Koken LM-005 remains the sole commercially available model, underscoring the pressing need for more advanced and customizable alternatives. Experimental models are under development; however, they vary widely in anatomical fidelity and clinical applicability. The analysis emphasizes the necessity of incorporating anatomical accuracy and physiological relevance–such as airflow dynamics and mucosal properties–into the design of nasal cavity models for pharmaceutical testing.

The findings underscore the real-world utility of additive manufacturing in pharmaceutical research. The utilization of 3D printed models holds considerable promise in enhancing the quality assessment of intranasal dosage forms and can serve as valuable tools in both preclinical development and personalized medicine. As the technology advances, it holds the potential to reduce reliance on animal testing, streamline formulation development, and ultimately enhance therapeutic outcomes.

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