PHYTOSOME TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER TREATMENT ENHANCES THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025v17i6.54665Keywords:
Phytosome technology, secondary metabolites, bioavailability, cancer pathways, targeted delivery, preclinical efficacyAbstract
Phytosome technology represents a major breakthrough in the delivery of plant-derived secondary metabolites for cancer therapy, addressing fundamental limitations such as poor aqueous solubility, rapid metamorphosis, and reduced bioavailability, which hinders clinical translation. The secondary metabolites flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic resins exhibit potent anticancer activities by modulating crucial oncogenic nerve pathways e.g., NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), causing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. However, their hydrophobic nature and volatility in the physiological environment limit their curative efficacy. Phytosomes, which are molecular complexes containing phytochemicals and phospholipids, increase lipid solubility, prevent bioactive compounds from degrading, and facilitate target delivery to the tumor, resulting in refined absorption, dispersed circulation, and reduced systemic toxicity. Preclinical studies have shown that phytosome encapsulation can increase anticancer activity by up to fivefold and synergizes with conventional chemotherapeutics, resulting in increased efficacy in breast and colorectal tumor models. This review critically examines the structural and mechanistic foundations of phytosome technology, its application in improving the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic indices of secondary metabolites, and recent innovations, including nanoparticle incorporation and codelivery systems. By integrating metabolomic profiling with nanocarrier design, phytosomes hold promise as a cornerstone for next-generation, natural product-based precision oncology, overcoming bioavailability barriers and potentiating anticancer effects to advance clinical translation.
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