RECENT ADVANCES IN NANO SPONGE TECHNOLOGY: FROM SYNTHESIS TO APPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i1.55012Keywords:
Nano sponge, Synthesis, Drug delivery, Advancements, Characterization, Environmental remediationAbstract
Nanosponges (NSs) are an emerging class of advanced nanomaterials with wide-ranging applications in healthcare, environmental protection, catalysis, and sensing. Composed of polymers, inorganic compounds, or hybrid structures, they possess a large surface area, adjustable pore size, and tunable chemical properties, allowing precise adaptation to various environments. These features make them highly effective for drug delivery, pollutant adsorption, and catalytic processes. Notably, NSs exhibit exceptional drug loading efficiencies, reaching up to 98%, such as 95% for cyclodextrin-based formulations encapsulating the anticancer drug doxorubicin. Their enhanced performance is primarily due to their porous network and ability to form stable inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules. In environmental applications, mesoporous silica NSs have shown high efficacy in removing toxic heavy metals like chromium (VI) and lead (II) from wastewater. To achieve optimal performance, several advanced characterization techniques are employed. In Situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows real-time visualization of structural evolution, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) provides data on crystallinity and phase transitions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) determines particle size distribution and stability, and Zeta Potential Analysis assesses surface charge interactions. Moreover, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy identifies chemical bonding and drug–carrier interactions, whereas thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provides insights into thermal stability and composition. Ongoing research continues to refine the synthesis, functionalization, and application of nano sponges, enabling the development of more efficient, sustainable, and multifunctional nanostructures that address critical challenges in medicine, environmental remediation, and advanced materials science.
References
1. El-assal MI. Nano-sponge novel drug delivery system as carrier of anti-hypertensive drug. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019 Oct 1;11(10):47-63. doi: 10.22159/ijpps.2019v11i10.34812.
2. Zhang H, Jin Y, Chi C, Han G, Jiang W, Wang Z. Sponge particulates for biomedical applications: biofunctionalization, multi-drug shielding and theranostic applications. Biomaterials. 2021;273:120824. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120824, PMID 33894401.
3. Furtado D, Bjornmalm M, Ayton S, Bush AI, Kempe K, Caruso F. Overcoming the blood–brain barrier: the role of nanomaterials in treating neurological diseases. Adv Mater. 2018 Nov;30(46):e1801362. doi: 10.1002/adma.201801362, PMID 30066406.
4. Krabicova I, Appleton SL, Tannous M, Hoti G, Caldera F, Rubin Pedrazzo A. History of cyclodextrin nanosponges. Polymers. 2020 May 14;12(5):1122. doi: 10.3390/polym12051122, PMID 32423091.
5. Xu T, Zheng F, Chen Z, Ding Y, Liang Z, Liu Y. Halloysite nanotubes sponges with skeletons made of electrospun nanofibers as innovative dye adsorbent and catalyst support. Chem Eng J. 2019 Mar 15;360:280-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.233.
6. Wang C, Wang M, Liu L, Huang Y. 3D porous sponge-inspired electrode for high energy and high-power zinc-ion batteries. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2021 Feb 2;4(2):1833-9. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02945.
7. Pandey P, Purohit D, Dureja H. Nanosponges a promising novel drug delivery system. Recent Pat Nanotechnol. 2018 Dec 1;12(3):180-91. doi: 10.2174/1872210512666180925102842, PMID 30251614.
8. Sadhasivam J, Sugumaran A, Narayanaswamy D. Nano sponges: a potential drug delivery approach. Res J Pharm Technol. 2020 Jul 1;13(7):3442-8. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00611.3.
9. Alshangiti DM, El-Damhougy TK, Zaher A, Madani M, Mohamady Ghobashy M. Revolutionizing biomedicine: advancements applications and prospects of nanocomposite macromolecular carbohydrate-based hydrogel biomaterials: a review. RSC Adv. 2023;13(50):35251-91. doi: 10.1039/D3RA07391B, PMID 38053691.
10. Ur Rahim H, Qaswar M, Uddin M, Giannini C, Herrera ML, Rea G. Nano-enable materials promoting sustainability and resilience in modern agriculture. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Aug 15;11(8):2068. doi: 10.3390/nano11082068, PMID 34443899.
11. Singh G, Ramadass K, Sooriyakumar P, Hettithanthri O, Vithange M, Bolan N. Nanoporous materials for pesticide formulation and delivery in the agricultural sector. J Control Release. 2022 Mar 1;343:187-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.036, PMID 35090962.
12. Wu D, Xu F, Sun B, Fu R, He H, Matyjaszewski K. Design and preparation of porous polymers. Chem Rev. 2012 Jul 11;112(7):3959-4015. doi: 10.1021/cr200440z, PMID 22594539.
13. Owens GJ, Singh RK, Foroutan F, Alqaysi M, Han CM, Mahapatra C. Sol–gel based materials for biomedical applications. Prog Mater Sci. 2016 Apr 1;77:1-79. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.12.001.
14. Abu Thabit NY, Uwaezuoke OJ, Abu Elella MH. Superhydrophobic nanohybrid sponges for separation of oil/water mixtures. Chemosphere. 2022 May 1;294:133644. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133644, PMID 35065181.
15. Qiao ZA, Chai SH, Nelson K, Bi Z, Chen J, Mahurin SM. Polymeric molecular sieve membranes via in situ cross-linking of non-porous polymer membrane templates. Nat Commun. 2014 Apr 16;5(1):3705. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4705, PMID 24739439.
16. Esen C, Kumru B. Photocatalyst-incorporated cross-linked porous polymer networks. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2022 Jul 20;61(30):10616-30. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01658.
17. Jiang S, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Low-density open cellular sponges as functional materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2017 Dec 4;56(49):15520-38. doi: 10.1002/anie.201700684, PMID 28621026.
18. Giacomelli C, Schmidt V, Aissou K, Borsali R. Block copolymer systems: from single chain to self-assembled nanostructures. Langmuir. 2010 Oct 19;26(20):15734-44. doi: 10.1021/la100641j, PMID 20364859.
19. Rechberger F, Niederberger M. Synthesis of aerogels: from molecular routes to 3-dimensional nanoparticle assembly. Nanoscale Horiz. 2016;2(1):6-30. doi: 10.1039/c6nh00077k, PMID 32260673.
20. Cheng W, Zeng X, Chen H, Li Z, Zeng W, Mei L. Versatile polydopamine platforms: synthesis and promising applications for surface modification and advanced nanomedicine. ACS Nano. 2019 Aug 1;13(8):8537-65. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04436, PMID 31369230.
21. Yang XY, Chen LH, Li Y, Rooke JC, Sanchez C, Su BL. Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(2):481-558. doi: 10.1039/C6CS00829A, PMID 27906387.
22. Pavlenko V, Khosravi HS, Zoltowska S, Haruna AB, Zahid M, Mansurov Z. A comprehensive review of template-assisted porous carbons: modern preparation methods and advanced applications. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2022;149:100682. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2022.100682.
23. Feng L, Wang KY, LV XL, Yan TH, Zhou HC. Hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks: synthetic strategies and applications. Natl Sci Rev. 2020 Nov;7(11):1743-58. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz170, PMID 34691505.
24. Qiang R, Wei C, Lin L, Deng X, Zheng T, Wang Q. Bioinspired: a 3D vertical silicon sponge-inspired construction of organic–inorganic loose mass transfer nanochannels for enhancing properties of polyimide nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol. 2021 Mar 15;259:118038. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118038.
25. Bhatt P, Srivastava A, Rana S. Introduction to metal–organic framework sponges and their synthetic and functionalization strategies. In: Gulati S, editor. Nanosponges for environmental remediation. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. p. 187-218. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-41077-2_9.
26. Singh R, Prasad A, Kumar B, Kumari S, Sahu RK, Hedau ST. Potential of dual drug delivery systems: MOF as hybrid nanocarrier for dual drug delivery in cancer treatment. Chemistry Select. 2022 Sep 27;7(36):e202201288. doi: 10.1002/slct.202201288.
27. Yeo LY, Friend JR. Electrospinning carbon nanotube polymer composite nanofibers. J Exp Nanosci. 2006 Jun 1;1(2):177-209. doi: 10.1080/17458080600670015.
28. Inkson BJ. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization. In: Materials characterization using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. Elsevier; 2016 Jan 1. p. 17-43. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100040-3.00002-X.
29. Kumar S, Chandra D, Hazra B, Vishal V, Pathegama Gamage R. Nanopore characteristics of barakar formation shales and their impact on the gas storage potential of korba and raniganj basins in India. Energy Fuels. 2024 Feb 22;38(5):3833-47. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c03374.
30. Zhang S, Tian H, Tang J, Zhang X. Quantitative characterization of coal shale pores and fractures based on combined high-pressure mercury pressure and low-temperature N2/CO2 adsorption methods. ACS Omega. 2024;9(19):20927-36. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10376, PMID 38764618.
31. Magazzu A, Marcuello C. Investigation of soft matter nanomechanics by atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers: a comprehensive review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023 Mar 7;13(6):963. doi: 10.3390/nano13060963, PMID 36985857.
32. Li Y, Yang J, Pan Z, Tong W. Nanoscale pore structure and mechanical property analysis of coal: an insight combining AFM and SEM images. Fuel. 2020 Jan 15;260:116352. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116352.
33. Falsafi SR, Rostam Abadi H, Assad Pour E, Jafari SM. Morphology and microstructural analysis of bioactive-loaded micro/nanocarriers via microscopy techniques; CLSM/SEM/TEM/AFM. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2020 Jun 1;280:102166. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102166.
34. Dorobantu LS, Gray MR. Application of atomic force microscopy in bacterial research. Scanning. 2010 Mar;32(2):74-96. doi: 10.1002/sca.20177, PMID 20695026.
35. Katea SN, Hajduk S, Orel ZC, Westin G. Low cost fast solution synthesis of 3D framework ZnO nanosponges. Inorg Chem. 2017 Dec 18;56(24):15150-8. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02459, PMID 29172508.
36. Bayari SH, Sen EH, Ide S, Topaloglu B. Structural studies on Demospongiae sponges from Gokceada Island in the northern Aegean Sea. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2018 Mar 5;192:368-77. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.046, PMID 29179087.
37. Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk L. A review of applications of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) for the analysis of cyclodextrin-including systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 11;24(4):3648. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043648, PMID 36835054.
38. Anceschi A, Guerretta F, Magnacca G, Zanetti M, Benzi P, Trotta F. Sustainable N-containing biochars obtained at low temperatures as sorbing materials for environmental application: municipal biowaste-derived substances and nanosponges case studies. J Anal Appl Pyrol. 2018 Sep 1;134:606-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2018.08.010.
39. Yousefi N, Wong KK, Hosseinidoust Z, Sorensen HO, Bruns S, Zheng Y. Hierarchically porous ultra-strong reduced graphene oxide-cellulose nanocrystal sponges for exceptional adsorption of water contaminants. Nanoscale. 2018;10(15):7171-84. doi: 10.1039/C7NR09037D, PMID 29620092.
40. Xu H, Zhou W, Zhang R, Liu S, Zhou Q. Characterizations of pore mineral and petrographic properties of marine shale using multiple techniques and their implications on gas storage capability for Sichuan Longmaxi gas shale field in China. Fuel. 2019 Apr 1;241:360-71. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.035.
41. Morales Rivas L, Gonzalez Orive A, Garcia Mateo C, Hernandez Creus A, Caballero FG, Vazquez L. Nanomechanical characterization of nanostructured bainitic steel: peak force microscopy and nanoindentation with AFM. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 25;5(1):17164. doi: 10.1038/srep17164, PMID 26602631.
42. Ebenstein DM. Nanoindentation of soft tissues and other biological materials. In: Oyen ML, editor. Handbook of nanoindentation with biological applications. Jenny Stanford Publishing; 2019. p. 279-324. doi: 10.1201/9780429111556-9.
43. Bozorgi A, Khazaei M, Soleimani M, Jamalpoor Z. Application of nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering; a review on the molecular mechanisms driving osteogenesis. Biomater Sci. 2021;9(13):4541-67. doi: 10.1039/D1BM00504A, PMID 34075945.
44. Azadmanjiri J, Kumar P, Srivastava VK, Sofer Z. Surface functionalization of 2D transition metal oxides and dichalcogenides via covalent and non-covalent bonding for sustainable energy and biomedical applications. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2020 Mar 17;3(4):3116-43. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c00120.
45. Zhang C, Duan Q, Fan X, Yin M, Hou S, Ye Z. Reversible ligand–receptor interaction-induced “tango”like dancing of nanodisks on living cell membrane. Anal Chem. 2025 Jun 17;97(23):12419-27. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c02034, PMID 40462603.
46. Nicolle L, Journot CM, Gerber Lemaire S. Chitosan functionalization: covalent and non-covalent interactions and their characterization. Polymers. 2021 Nov 26;13(23):4118. doi: 10.3390/polym13234118, PMID 34883621.
47. Gupta D, Varghese BS, Suresh M, Panwar C, Gupta TK. Nanoarchitectonics: functional nanomaterials and nanostructures a review. J Nanopart Res. 2022 Oct;24(10):196. doi: 10.1007/s11051-022-05577-2.
48. Liu Y, Mo J, Fu Q, Lu Y, Zhang N, Wang S. Enhancement of triboelectric charge density by chemical functionalization. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30(50):2004714. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202004714.
49. Ghurghure SM, Pathan MS, Surwase PR. Nanosponges: a novel approach for targeted drug delivery system. Int J Chem Stud. 2018 Nov;2(6):15-23.
50. Iravani S, Varma RS. Nanosponges for drug delivery and cancer therapy: recent advances. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Jul 16;12(14):2440. doi: 10.3390/nano12142440, PMID 35889665.
51. Bergal A, Elmas A, Akyuz G. A new type and igclive approach for anticancer drug delivery application: nanosponge. Nano Res Appl. 2019;5(2):3. doi: 10.36648/2471-9838.5.1.43.
52. Utzeri G, Matias PM, Murtinho D, Valente AJ. Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges: overview and opportunities. Front Chem. 2022 Mar 24;10:859406. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.859406, PMID 35402388.
53. Iravani S, Varma RS. Nanosponges for drug delivery and cancer therapy: recent advances. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022;12(14):2440. doi: 10.3390/nano12142440, PMID 35889665.
54. Yap PL, Auyoong YL, Hassan K, Farivar F, Tran DN, Ma J. Multithiol functionalized graphene bio-sponge via photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry for efficient heavy metal ions adsorption. Chem Eng J. 2020;395:124965. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124965.
55. Maio A, Pibiri I, Morreale M, Mantia FP, Scaffaro R. An overview of functionalized graphene nanomaterials for advanced applications. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;11(7):1717. doi: 10.3390/nano11071717, PMID 34209928.
56. Ma N, Ma C, Li C, Wang T, Tang Y, Wang H. Influence of nanoparticle shape size and surface functionalization on cellular uptake. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013;13(10):6485-98. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7525, PMID 24245105.
57. Cashin VB, Eldridge DS, Yu A, Zhao D. Surface functionalization and manipulation of mesoporous silica adsorbents for improved removal of pollutants: a review. Environ Sci: Water Res Technol. 2018;4(2):110-28. doi: 10.1039/C7EW00322F.
58. Carvalho IC, Medeiros Borsagli FG, Mansur AA, Caldeira CL, Haas DJ, Lage AP. 3D sponges of chemically functionalized chitosan for potential environmental pollution remediation: biosorbents for anionic dye adsorption and “antibiotic-free” antibacterial activity. Environ Technol. 2021 Jun 7;42(13):2046-66. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1689302, PMID 31743650.
59. Skorb EV, Andreeva DV. Surface nanoarchitecture for bio-applications: self-regulating intelligent interfaces. Adv Funct Mater. 2013 Sep 25;23(36):4483-506. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201203884.
60. Maghsoudnia N, Eftekhari RB, Sohi AN, Zamzami A, Dorkoosh FA. Application of nano-based systems for drug delivery and targeting: a review. J Nanopart Res. 2020 Aug;22(8):1-41. doi: 10.1007/s11051-020-04959-8.
61. Amani H, Arzaghi H, Bayandori M, Dezfuli AS, Pazoki Toroudi H, Shafiee A. Controlling cell behavior through the design of biomaterial surfaces: a focus on surface modification techniques. Adv Materials Inter. 2019 Jul;6(13):1900572. doi: 10.1002/admi.201900572.
62. Ahmad SZ, Wan Salleh WN, Ismail AF, Yusof N, Mohd Yusop MZ, Aziz F. Adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions using graphene-based nanomaterials: toxicity roles of functional groups and mechanisms. Chemosphere. 2020;248:126008. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126008, PMID 32006836.
63. Centi G, Perathoner S. Creating and mastering nano-objects to design advanced catalytic materials. Coord Chem Rev. 2011 Jul 1;255(13-14):1480-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.021.
64. Murugan B, Sagadevan S, Fatimah I, Oh WC, Motalib Hossain MA, Johan MR. Smart stimuli responsive nanocarriers for the cancer therapy nanomedicine. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021 Aug 30;10(1):933-53. doi: 10.1515/ntrev-2021-0067.
65. Pramanik PK, Solanki A, Debnath A, Nayyar A, El Sappagh S, Kwak KS. Advancing modern healthcare with nanotechnology nanobiosensors and internet of nano things: taxonomies applications architecture and challenges. IEEE Access. 2020 Apr 3;8:65230-66. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984269.
66. Houacine C, Yousaf SS, Khan I, Khurana RK, Singh KK. Potential of natural biomaterials in nano-scale drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des. 2018 Dec 1;24(43):5188-206. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666190118153057, PMID 30657035.
67. Yu C, Li L, Hu P, Yang Y, Wei W, Deng X. Recent advances in stimulus-responsive nanocarriers for gene therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021 Jul;8(14):2100540. doi: 10.1002/advs.202100540, PMID 34306980.
68. Khan A, Alamry KA, Asiri AM. Multifunctional biopolymers-based composite materials for biomedical applications: a systematic review. Chemistry Select. 2021 Jan 14;6(2):154-76. doi: 10.1002/slct.202003978.
69. Alavarse AC, Frachini EC, Da Silva RL, Lima VH, Shavandi A, Petri DF. Crosslinkers for polysaccharides and proteins: synthesis conditions mechanisms and crosslinking efficiency a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022 Mar 31;202:558-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.029, PMID 35038469.
70. Arumugam S, Ju Y. Carbon nanotubes reinforced with natural/synthetic polymers to mimic the extracellular matrices of bone a review. Mater Today Chem. 2021 Jun 1;20:100420. doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100420.
71. Nandhini J, Karthikeyan E, Rajeshkumar S. Nanomaterials for wound healing: current status and futuristic frontier. Biomed Technol. 2024 Jun 1;6:26-45. doi: 10.1016/j.bmt.2023.10.001.
72. Attia MF, Anton N, Wallyn J, Omran Z, Vandamme TF. An overview of active and passive targeting strategies to improve the nanocarriers efficiency to tumour sites. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019 Aug;71(8):1185-98. doi: 10.1111/jphp.13098, PMID 31049986.
73. Rabiee N, Iravani S. Nanosponges for hydrogen evolution reaction: current trends and future perspectives. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2023;7(19):4825-38. doi: 10.1039/D3SE00696D.
74. Jagtap SR, Bhusnure OG, Mujewar IN, Gholve SB, Panchabai VB. Nanosponges: a novel trend for targeted drug delivery. J Drug Delivery Ther. 2019 May 2;9(3-s):931-8. doi: 10.22270/jddt.v9i3-s.2864.
75. Leudjo Taka A, Pillay K, Yangkou Mbianda X. Nanosponge cyclodextrin polyurethanes and their modification with nanomaterials for the removal of pollutants from waste water: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;159:94-107. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.027, PMID 28038758.
76. Patil Sen Y. Advances in nano-biomaterials and their applications in biomedicine. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2021 May 14;5(1):169-76. doi: 10.1042/ETLS20200333, PMID 33825835.
77. Fragoso A, Wajs E. Nanosponges in catalysis and sensing. In: Trotta F, Mele A, editors. Nanosponges: synthesis and applications. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2019 Jan 29. p. 263-82. doi: 10.1002/9783527341009.ch9.
78. Trotta F, Dianzani C, Caldera F, Mognetti B, Cavalli R. The application of nanosponges to cancer drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;11(6):931-41. doi: 10.1517/17425247.2014.911729, PMID 24811423.
79. Li Z, Wang Y, Ding Y, Repp L, Kwon GS, Hu Q. Cell-based delivery systems: emerging carriers for immunotherapy. Adv Funct Mater. 2021 Jun;31(23):2100088. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202100088.
80. Reza MS, Afroze S, Kuterbekov K, Kabyshev A, Bekmyrza Zh, Haque MN. Advanced applications of carbonaceous materials in sustainable water treatment energy storage and CO2 capture: a comprehensive review. Sustainability. 2023 May 30;15(11):8815. doi: 10.3390/su15118815.
81. Osmani RA, Kulkarni P, Manjunatha S, Gowda V, Hani U, Vaghela R. Cyclodextrin nanosponges in drug delivery and nanotherapeutics. In: Dasgupta N, Ranjan S, Lichtfouse E, editors. Environmental nanotechnology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 279-342. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76090-2_9.
82. Mullick P, R Hegde A, Gopalan D, Pandey A, Nandakumar K, Jain S. Evolving era of “sponges”: nanosponges as a versatile nanocarrier for the effective skin delivery of drugs. Curr Pharm Des. 2022 Jun 1;28(23):1885-96. doi: 10.2174/1381612828666220518090431, PMID 35585809.
83. Jain KK. Role of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2059:55-73. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9798-5_2, PMID 31435915.
84. Peralta ME, Ocampo S, Funes IG, Onaga Medina F, Parolo ME, Carlos L. Nanomaterials with tailored magnetic properties as adsorbents of organic pollutants from wastewaters. Inorganics. 2020 Mar 31;8(4):24. doi: 10.3390/inorganics8040024.
85. Fameso FO, Ndambuki JM, Kupolati WK, Snyman J. On the development of state-of-the-art computational decision support systems for efficient water quality management: prospects and opportunities in a climate changing world. Air Soil Water Res. 2024;17:11786221241259949. doi: 10.1177/11786221241259949.
86. David E, Niculescu VC. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as environmental pollutants: occurrence and mitigation using nanomaterials. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 13;18(24):13147. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413147, PMID 34948756.
87. Damiri F, Andra S, Kommineni N, Balu SK, Bulusu R, Boseila AA. Recent advances in adsorptive nanocomposite membranes for heavy metals ion removal from contaminated water: a comprehensive review. Materials (Basel). 2022 Aug 5;15(15):5392. doi: 10.3390/ma15155392, PMID 35955327.
88. Thakur A, Kumar A, Singh A. Adsorptive removal of heavy metals dyes and pharmaceuticals: carbon-based nanomaterials in focus. Carbon. 2024 Jan 25;217:118621. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118621.
89. Baeza A, Ruiz Molina D, Vallet Regi M. Recent advances in porous nanoparticles for drug delivery in antitumoral applications: inorganic nanoparticles and nanoscale metal-organic frameworks. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2017 Jun 3;14(6):783-96. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1229298, PMID 27575454.
90. Chen X, Wu Y, Ranjan VD, Zhang Y. Three dimensional electrical conductive scaffold from biomaterial-based carbon microfiber sponge with bioinspired coating for cell proliferation and differentiation. Carbon. 2018 Aug 1;134:174-82. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.064.
91. Liu J, Wang Z, Zhao S, Ding B. Multifunctional nucleic acid nanostructures for gene therapies. Nano Res. 2018 Oct;11(10):5017-27. doi: 10.1007/s12274-018-2093-x.
92. Zhao Z, Wang D, Li Y. Versatile biomimetic nanomedicine for treating cancer and inflammation disease. Med Rev (2021). 2023 Apr 25;3(2):123-51. doi: 10.1515/mr-2022-0046, PMID 37724085.
93. Gowda BH, Ahmed MG, Almoyad MA, Wahab S, Almalki WH, Kesharwani P. Nanosponges as an emerging platform for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Adv Funct Mater. 2024 Feb;34(7):2307074. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202307074.
94. Gowda BH, Ahmed MG, Almoyad MA, Wahab S, Almalki WH, Kesharwani P. Nanosponges as an emerging platform for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Adv Funct Mater. 2024 Feb;34(7):2307074. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202307074.
95. Pooja, Gupta T, Dutt M, Saya L. Introduction to sponge-like functional materials from TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. In: Gulati S, editor. Nanosponges for environmental remediation. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. p. 263-90. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-41077-2_12.
96. Garg S, Kumar P, Greene GW, Mishra V, Avisar D, Sharma RS. Nano-enabled sensing of per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from aqueous systems a review. J Environ Manage. 2022 Apr 15;308:114655. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114655, PMID 35131704.
97. Hamad HN, Idrus S. Recent developments in the application of bio-waste-derived adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from wastewater: a review. Polymers. 2022 Feb 17;14(4):783. doi: 10.3390/polym14040783, PMID 35215695.
98. Swaminathan S, Pastero L, Serpe L, Trotta F, Vavia P, Aquilano D. Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulating camptothecin: physicochemical characterization stability and cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010 Feb 1;74(2):193-201. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.11.003, PMID 19900544.
99. Zuhra Z, Ali S, Ali S, Xu H, Wu R, Tang Y. Exceptionally amino-quantitated 3D MOF@CNT-sponge hybrid for efficient and selective recovery of Au(III) and Pd(II). Chem Eng J. 2022 Mar 1;431:133367. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133367.
100. Serrano Martinez A, Victoria Montesinos D, Garcia Munoz AM, Hernandez Sanchez P, Lucas Abellan C, Gonzalez Louzao R. A systematic review of clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of CRLX101 cyclodextrin based nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jun 26;15(7):1824. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071824, PMID 37514011.
101. Vincy A, Mazumder S, Amrita BI, Banerjee I, Hwang KC, Vankayala R. Recent progress in red blood cells-derived particles as novel bioinspired drug delivery systems: challenges and strategies for clinical translation. Front Chem. 2022 Apr 27;10:905256. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.905256, PMID 35572105.
102. Bregoli L, Movia D, Gavigan Imedio JD, Lysaght J, Reynolds J, Prina Mello A. Nanomedicine applied to translational oncology: a future perspective on cancer treatment. Nanomedicine. 2016 Jan 1;12(1):81-103. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.08.006, PMID 26370707.
103. Sivasankar C, Hewawaduge C, Lee JH. Novel pro and eukaryotic expression plasmid expressing omicron antigens delivered via Salmonella elicited MHC class I and II based protective immunity. J Control Release. 2023 May 1;357:404-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.015, PMID 37044178.
104. Kumar A. Nanosponges: a novel class of drug delivery system current status and future prospects. Mater Sci Eng C. 2022;132:112506. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112506.
105. Tannous M, Trotta F, Cavalli R. Nanosponges for combination drug therapy: state-of-the-art and future directions. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2020 Mar 1;15(7):643-6. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0007, PMID 32077373.
106. Parisi OI, Dattilo M, Patitucci F. Smart nanosponges for drug delivery: recent developments and future perspectives. J Control Release. 2023;357:25-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.015.
107. Fameso FO, Ndambuki JM, Kupolati WK, Snyman J. On the development of state-of-the-art computational decision support systems for efficient water quality management: prospects and opportunities in a climate changing world. Air Soil Water Res. 2024 Jul;17:11786221241259949. doi: 10.1177/11786221241259949.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 DEEPIKA, YOGITA TYAGI, SRISHTI MORRIS, ARTI KORI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.