EFFECT OF CASTOR OIL AS POLYETHERETHERKETONE DENTURE BASE CLEANSER AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS COUNT AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS

WILLIAM WIJAYA; HASLINDA Z. TAMIN; RICCA CHAIRUNNISA; URIP HARAHAP

doi:10.22159/ijap.2025.v17s5.17

Authors

WILLIAM WIJAYA Specialist Program in Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Alumni No. 2, Medan, Indonesia
HASLINDA Z. TAMIN Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Alumni No. 2, Medan, Indonesia
RICCA CHAIRUNNISA Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Alumni No. 2, Medan, Indonesia
URIP HARAHAP Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Tri Dharma, Medan, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025.v17s5.17

Keywords:

Castor oil, Polyetheretherketone, Candida albicans count, Surface roughness

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a 10% castor oil solution as a denture cleanser by comparing its ability to reduce Candida albicans counts and its effect on the surface roughness of thermoplastic nylon and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) denture base materials, relative to an alkaline peroxide cleanser.

Methods: Thirty polished nylon and PEEK specimens (20 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were sterilized using ultraviolet (UV) light for 5 minutes and inoculated with Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). Specimens were then immersed for 20 minutes in one of the following solutions (n = 5 per group): A – Nylon + distilled water, B – Nylon + alkaline peroxide, C – Nylon + 10% castor oil, D – PEEK + distilled water, E – PEEK + alkaline peroxide, F – PEEK + 10% castor oil, Adherent cells were suspended and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 37 °C for 48 hours, after which colonies were counted. Surface roughness (µm) was measured using a profilometer before and after 122 hours of immersion in alkaline peroxide, 10% castor oil, or distilled water.

Results: Alkaline peroxide produced the lowest Candida albicans counts; however, 10% castor oil resulted in a significantly greater reduction than distilled water. One-way ANOVA showed a highly significant effect of cleansers on Candida albicans counts for both nylon and PEEK specimens (p < 0.0001). For PEEK immersed in 10% castor oil, paired t-test analysis revealed no significant change in surface roughness (p = 0.061).

Conclusion: The 10% castor oil solution effectively reduced Candida albicans counts and produced minimal changes in the surface roughness of PEEK denture base material. Castor oil shows promise as a biocompatible denture cleanser, with particularly favorable outcomes for PEEK-based dentures.

References

1. Chuchulska B, Yankov S, Hristov I AS. Thermoplastic materials in the dental practice: a review. Int J Sci Res. 2017;6(12):1074–6. doi: 10.21275/ART20178727.

2. Vojdani M, Giti R. Polyamide as a denture base material: a literature review. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015;16(1 Suppl):1-9. doi: 10.24327/ijcar.2017.3274.0244, PMID 26106628.

3. Georgiev J, Vlahova A, Kissov H, Aleksandrov S, Kazakova R. Possible application of Biohpp in prosthetic dentistry: a literature review. Journal of IMAB-Annual Proceedings (Scientific Papers). 2018;24(1):1896–8. doi: 10.5272/jimab.2018241.1896.

4. Tekin S, Cangul S, Adıguzel O, Deger Y. Areas for use of PEEK material in dentistry. Int Dent Res. 2018;8(2):84-92. doi: 10.5577/intdentres.2018.vol8.no2.6.

5. Polychronakis NC, Polyzois GL, Lagouvardos PE, Papadopoulos TD. Effects of cleansing methods on 3-D surface roughness gloss and color of a polyamide denture base material. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014;73(5):353-63. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.967720, PMID 25367196.

6. Karthikeyan S, Leoney A, Ali SA. Ure disinfectants used in prosthodontics a review. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. 2018;5(3):C15-8.

7. Ozyilmaz OY, Akin C. Effect of cleansers on denture base resins structural properties. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2019;17(1):2280800019827797. doi: 10.1177/2280800019827797, PMID 30803303.

8. Chandra PK, Mishra S. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological study of Agave attenuata leaves. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2023;5(2):52-8. doi: 10.33545/26647222.2023.v5.i2a.44.

9. Sandeep DS, Nayak P, Jose J, Relita MR, Sumana DR. Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial herbal gels of Murraya koenigii leaves extract. Res J Pharm Technol. 2017;10(6):1798-801. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00317.1.

10. Yeboah A, Ying S, Lu J, Xie Y, Amoanimaa Dede H, Boateng KG. Castor oil (Ricinus communis): a review on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties. Food Sci Technol. 2021 Dec;41(Suppl 2):399-413. doi: 10.1590/fst.19620.

11. Shrestha S, Shrestha B. Denture cleansing the natural way: a review. J Nep Prosthodon Soc. 2023;6(2):85-91. doi: 10.3126/jnprossoc.v6i2.64708.

12. Pisani MX, Da Silva CH, Paranhos HF, Souza RF, Mac Edo AP. Evaluation of experimental cleanser solution of Ricinus communis: effect on soft denture liner properties. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e179-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2010.00438.x, PMID 21083737.

13. Andrade IM, Andrade KM, Pisani MX, Silva Lovato CH, De Souza RF, De Paranhos H. Trial of an experimental castor oil solution for cleaning dentures. Braz Dent J. 2014;25(1):43-7. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440201302327, PMID 24789291.

14. Badaro MM, Salles MM, Leite VM, De Arruda CN, Oliveira VC, Do Nascimento CD. Clinical trial for evaluation of Ricinus communis and sodium hypochlorite as denture cleanser. J Appl Oral Sci. 2017;25(3):324-34. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0222, PMID 28678952.

15. Badaro MM, Salles MM, De Arruda CN, Oliveira V De C, De Souza RF, Paranhos HF. In vitro analysis of surface roughness of acrylic resin exposed to the combined hygiene method of brushing and immersion in Ricinus communis and sodium hypochlorite. J Prosthodont. 2017;26(6):516-21. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12436, PMID 26833793.

16. Abuzar MA, Bellur S, Duong N, Kim BB, Lu P, Palfreyman N. Evaluating surface roughness of a polyamide denture base material in comparison with poly (methyl methacrylate). J Oral Sci. 2010;52(4):577-81. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.52.577, PMID 21206160.

17. Durkan R, Ayaz EA, Bagis B, Gurbuz A, Ozturk N, Korkmaz FM. Comparative effects of denture cleansers on physical properties of polyamide and polymethyl methacrylate base polymers. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(3):367-75. doi: 10.4012/dmj.2012-110, PMID 23718995.

18. Sundari I, Rahmayani L, Serpita D. Studi kekasaran permukaan antara resin akrilik heat cured dan termoplastik nilon yang direndam dalam kopi Ulee kareng (Coffea robusta). Cakradonya Dental J. 2023;11(1):67-73. doi: 10.24815/cdj.v11i1.13631.

19. Serra Cardona A, Canadell D, Arino J. Coordinate responses to alkaline pH stress in budding yeast. Microb Cell. 2015;2(6):182-96. doi: 10.15698/mic2015.06.205, PMID 28357292.

20. Vylkova S, Carman AJ, Danhof HA, Collette JR, Zhou H, Lorenz MC. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans autoinduces hyphal morphogenesis by raising extracellular pH. mBio. 2011;2(3):e00055-11. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00055-11, PMID 21586647.

21. Gajwani Jain S, Magdum D, Karagir A, Pharane P. Denture cleansers: a review. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2015;14(2):94–6. doi: 10.9790/0853‑14249496.

22. Mohini Y, Prasad RB, Karuna MS, Poornachandra Y, Ganesh Kumar C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ricinoleic acid-based lipoamino acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2016;26(21):5198-202. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.063, PMID 27707604.

23. Utami PW, Nurdiana. Disinfection effect of 10% ricinus communis oil on candida albicans counts of heat polymerized acrylic resin. Dentika Dent J. 2021;24(1):6-10. doi: 10.32734/dentika.v24i1.5615.

24. Salles MM, Badaro MM, De Arruda CN, Leite VM, Da Silva CH, Watanabe E. Antimicrobial activity of complete denture cleanser solutions based on sodium hypochlorite and Ricinus communis a randomized clinical study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2015;23(6):637-42. doi: 10.1590/1678-775720150204, PMID 26814466.

25. Winardhi A, Saputra D, Dewipuspitasari. Comparison of surface roughness value of polyamide thermoplastic resins soaked in sodium hypochlorite and alkaline peroxide solutions. Dentino J Kedokt Gigi. 2017;1(1):45-9. doi: 10.20527/dentin.v1i1.336.

26. Rowe RC, Shekshey PJ QM. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 6th ed United States of America RPS Publishing; 2009. p. 542-50.