ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-BIOFILM EFFECTIVENESS OF SAURAUIA VULCANI KORTH. ETHANOLIC EXTRACT: AN IN VITRO STUDY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC®25923™ AND CANDIDA ALBICANS ATCC®10231™

IKA DEVI ADIANA; ERLIERA SUFARNAP; DENNY SATRIA; AIDA FADHILLA DARWIS; MAHATIR MUHAMMAD; TANTI DERIATY

doi:10.22159/ijap.2025.v17s4.07

Authors

IKA DEVI ADIANA Paediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan-20155, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1702-2885
ERLIERA SUFARNAP Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan-20155, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1104-0588
DENNY SATRIA Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan-20155, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-3256
AIDA FADHILLA DARWIS Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan-20155, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1711-5651
MAHATIR MUHAMMAD Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan-20155, Indonesia
TANTI DERIATY Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan-20155, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-8316

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2025.v17s4.07

Keywords:

Saurauia vulcani, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Membrane leakage, Antibiofilm

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Objective: Removable and Fixed orthodontic appliances can increase the risk of bacterial and fungal infections when there is poor plaque control. The study aims to assess the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effectiveness of Saurauia vulcani Korth. Ethanol Extract of Leaves (SVEL) against microbes, i. e, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans).

Methods: The phytochemical screening and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of SVEL were determined and simultaneously analyzed using qualitative analysis, as per the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antimicrobial test consists of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC), and analysis of membrane leakage from Nucleic Acids, proteins, Calcium (Ca²⁺), and Potassium (K⁺) in the microbes. The effectiveness of the anti-biofilm test was also analyzed by using the crystal violet solution.

Results: The SVEL presented flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and steroids/triterpenoids. TPC was 150,61±0,53 mg (GAE/g). The MIC value of SVEL against S. aureus was obtained at 12.5 mg/ml, and against C. albicans at 3.125 mg/ml. The MBC was obtained at 100 mg/ml, while the MFC of C. albicans was obtained at 50 mg/ml. DNA and protein, as well as Ca²⁺and K⁺leakage tests, revealed that the leakage value increased with the SVEL concentration, but remained below that of the positive controls (Listerine Green Tea and CHX/Ketoconazole). In anti-biofilm testing, the Minimal Biofilm Inhibition Concentration (MBIC) was determined at 100 mg/ml.

Conclusion: SVEL is effective as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent against S. aureus and C. albicans.

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